Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a carbon-based particle including pores therein, a silicon-containing coating layer formed at an inside the pores of the carbon-based particle or on a surface of the carbon-based particle, and a carbon coating layer formed on the silicon-containing coating layer. A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an O1s peak of a surface measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is 2.0 or more. A lithium secondary battery including the anode active material having improved initial discharge capacity and capacity efficiency is provided.

Abstract: A service identifying and processing method using a wireless terminal message according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes (a) receiving a wireless terminal message by a first entity which is a mobile device; and (b) expressing, by a first agent which is an information processing application program installed on the first entity, entity information of second entity based on the wireless terminal message and service confirmation information related to service provided by the second entity, through an application screen by the first agent.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a preliminary lithium metal oxide particle is prepared. The preliminary lithium metal oxide particle is cleaned using a boron compound cleaning solution. A cathode active material for a lithium secondary particle includes a lithium metal oxide particle where a ratio of a B+ peak intensity relative to a sum of peak intensities of Li+, B+ and LiB+ fragments by a TOF-SIMS analysis is in a range from 0.03% to 1.5%.

Abstract: A method may include loading a substrate into a substrate processing apparatus and performing a plasma treatment process on the substrate. The substrate processing apparatus includes a housing that defines a processing region, a power supply source on the housing and configured to generate plasma, a shower head in the housing and configured to supply the plasma to the processing region, an adapter between the power supply source and the shower head and separated from the shower head, a lid surrounding at least part of the adapter, and pads between the shower head and the lid. The shower head may include first fastening holes. The lid may be connected to the shower head through fastening portions respectively inserted into the first fastening holes. The pads may include polytetrafluoroethylene. At least a part of the pads may contact a bottom surface of the adapter.

Abstract: An aerosol generating device includes: a housing including a hole for receiving an aerosol generating article and a guide apart from the hole; and a cover configured to move along the guide between a first position and a second position to open or close the hole, wherein the hole is open when the cover is located in the first position, and the hole is closed when the cover is located in the second position.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes a photoresist coater applying a photoresist film on a substrate, a humidifier increasing an amount of moisture in an ambient to which the photoresist film on the substrate is exposed, and an exposer irradiating the photoresist film exposed to the ambient having the increased amount of moisture with light. The humidifier is disposed between the photoresist coater and the exposer.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a preliminary lithium metal oxide particle is prepared. The preliminary lithium metal oxide particle is cleaned using a boron compound cleaning solution. A cathode active material for a lithium secondary particle includes a lithium metal oxide particle where a ratio of a B+ peak intensity relative to a sum of peak intensities of Li+, B+ and LiB+ fragments by a TOF-SIMS analysis is in a range from 0.03% to 1.5%.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, there is provided an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery including a silicon oxide which includes a carbon coating layer on a surface thereof and is doped with magnesium. A ratio of peak area at 1303 eV to a sum of a peak area at 1304.5 eV and a peak area at 1303 eV, which appear in a Mg1s spectrum when measuring by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), is 60% or less.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, there is provided an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery including a silicon oxide which includes a carbon coating layer on a surface thereof and is doped with magnesium. A ratio of peak area at 1303 eV to a sum of a peak area at 1304.5 eV and a peak area at 1303 eV, which appear in a Mg1s spectrum when measuring by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), is 60% or less.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a carbon-based particle including pores therein, a silicon-containing coating layer formed at an inside the pores of the carbon-based particle or on a surface of the carbon-based particle, and a carbon coating layer formed on the silicon-containing coating layer. A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an O1s peak of a surface measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is 2.0 or more. A lithium secondary battery including the anode active material having improved initial discharge capacity and capacity efficiency is provided.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, there is provided an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery including a silicon oxide which includes a carbon coating layer on a surface thereof and is doped with magnesium. A ratio of peak area at 1303 eV to a sum of a peak area at 1304.5 eV and a peak area at 1303 eV, which appear in a Mg1s spectrum when measuring by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), is 60% or less.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium secondary battery including a silicon-based anode active material for a lithium secondary battery and an anode formed using the same. The silicon-based anode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to exemplary embodiments includes a surface coated with carbon and doped with lithium. A ratio of a peak area at 102.5 eV to a total area of a peak area at 100 eV, the peak area at 102.5 eV, and a peak area at 104 eV, which appear in an Si2p spectrum when measuring by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), is 40% or less, thereby allowing an electrode to be stably manufactured without changing physical properties of the slurry during manufacturing the electrode. In addition, the anode active material for a secondary battery may be usefully used to manufacture a lithium secondary battery having high discharge capacity and high energy density characteristics.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a preliminary lithium metal oxide particle is prepared. The preliminary lithium metal oxide particle is cleaned using a boron compound cleaning solution. A cathode active material for a lithium secondary particle includes a lithium metal oxide particle where a ratio of a B+ peak intensity relative to a sum of peak intensities of Li+, B+ and LiB+ fragments by a TOF-SIMS analysis is in a range from 0.03% to 1.5%.

Abstract: A Lactobacillus paraplantarum CK401 having an antiviral effect, and more specifically to novel kimchi-derived microorganism Lactobacillus paraplantarum CK401 having inhibitory activity against influenza viruses, particularly avian influenza virus, and the use thereof. According to the present invention, any one or more selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus paraplantarum CK401 KCTC 13287BP, a culture fluid of the Lactobacillus paraplantarum CK401 KCTC 13287BP, and a retentate of the culture fluid on a membrane filter having a molecular weight cutoff of 10 kD, have excellent antiviral activity, and thus may be usefully used for drugs, foods, fermented products, food additives, health supplements, feeds, feed additives, etc.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a L-ascorbic acid derivative having an improved water-in-stability, represented by a following general formula (I): ##STR1## and a method for preparation thereof, and to a skin-whitening cosmetic composition containing the same as an active ingredient.