Abstract: Preparing porous particles includes forming a gel including a first liquid and an oxygen-containing compound of a metal, semi-metal, metalloid, or semi-conductor, including an oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, oxohydroxide, oxoalkoxide, oxo salt, or oxo salt hydrate of the metal, semi-metal, metalloid, or semi-conductor; contacting the gel with a combustible liquid to form a combustible gel; and initiating combustion of the combustible gel to form a substance including porous metal, semi-metal, metalloid, or semi-conductor oxide particles. The combustible liquid can include a volatile solvent. The porous particles have open pores with a range of nanoscale pore sizes. The porous particles may be treated further to form, for example, a composite.

Abstract: Porous materials are fabricated using interpenetrating inorganic-organic composite gels. A mixture or precursor solution including an inorganic gel precursor, an organic polymer gel precursor, and a solvent is treated to form an inorganic wet gel including the organic polymer gel precursor and the solvent. The inorganic wet gel is then treated to form a composite wet gel including an organic polymer network in the body of the inorganic wet gel, producing an interpenetrating inorganic-organic composite gel. The composite wet gel is dried to form a composite material including the organic polymer network and an inorganic network component. The composite material can be treated further to form a porous composite material, a porous polymer or polymer composite, a porous metal oxide, and other porous materials.

Abstract: Preparing porous materials includes forming a mixture including a geopolymer resin and a liquid between which a nanoscale (1-1000 nm), microscale (1-1000 m), and/or milliscale (1-10 mm) phase separation occurs. The mixture is solidified (e.g., at an ambient temperature or a relatively low temperature), and a portion (e.g., a majority or a significant majority) of the liquid is removed from the solidified mixture. The liquid can include organic liquids from agricultural, geological, industrial, or household sources. The porous materials have accessible pores with a range of pore sizes including nanoscale pore sizes, microscale pore sizes, milliscale pore sizes, or a combination thereof. The porous material may be treated further to form another material, such as a composite.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems for fabricating porous materials using thixotropic gels. A shear force is applied to a thixotropic material causing the material to flow. Multiple components are added to the thixotropic material while applying the shear force causing the multiple components to be distributed in the material. The shear force is removed such that the static properties of the thixotropic material in the absence of the shear force retain a distribution of the multiple components in the thixotropic material to form a composite gel material that includes liquid within a network of inter-connected solid particles that include the distributed plurality of components. The liquid in the composite gel material is removed to form a porous composite material.

Abstract: A thin film deposition system and a method for deposit a thin film are disclosed. A thin film deposition system includes a source material feeder configured to feed source material, a source gas feeder comprising a vaporizer connected with the source material feeder to evaporate the source material fed by the source material feeder, a thin film deposition device connected with the source gas feeder to deposit the evaporated source material fed by the source gas feeder on a treatment object, vaporizer exhaustion unit having an end connected with the vaporizer to ventilate an inside of the vaporizer, and a pressure adjuster connected with the exhaustion tube to adjust the pressure of the exhaustion tube to control the velocity of source material fed to the vaporizer.

Abstract: Preparing porous particles includes forming a gel including a first liquid and an oxygen-containing compound of a metal, semi-metal, metalloid, or semi-conductor, including an oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, oxohydroxide, oxoalkoxide, oxo salt, or oxo salt hydrate of the metal, semi-metal, metalloid, or semi-conductor; contacting the gel with a combustible liquid to form a combustible gel; and initiating combustion of the combustible gel to form a substance including porous metal, semi-metal, metalloid, or semi-conductor oxide particles. The combustible liquid can include a volatile solvent. The porous particles have open pores with a range of nanoscale pore sizes. The porous particles may be treated further to form, for example, a composite.

Abstract: A method of preparing metal chalcogenides from elemental metal or metal compounds has the following steps: providing at least one elemental metal or metal compound; providing at least one element from periodic table groups 13-15; providing at least one chalcogen; and combining and heating the chalcogen, the group 13-15 element and the metal at sufficient time and temperature to form a metal chalcogenide. A method of functionalizing the surface of semiconducting nanoparticles has the following steps: providing at least one metad compound; providing one chalcogenide having a cation selected from the group 13-15 (B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, As, Sb and Bi); dissolving the chalcogenide in a first solution; dissolving the metal compound in a second solution; providing and dissolving a functional capping agent in at least one of the solutions of the metal compounds and chalcogenide; combining all solutions; and maintaining the combined solution at a proper temperature for an appropriate time.

Abstract: A method of preparing metal chalcogenides from elemental metal or metal compounds has the following steps: providing at least one elemental metal or metal compound; providing at least one element from periodic table groups 13-15; providing at least one chalcogen; and combining and heating the chalcogen, the group 13-15 element and the metal at sufficient time and temperature to form a metal chalcogenide. A method of functionalizing the surface of semiconducting nanoparticles has the following steps: providing at least one metad compound; providing one chalcogenide having a cation selected from the group 13-15 (B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, As, Sb and Bi); dissolving the chalcogenide in a first solution; dissolving the metal compound in a second solution; providing and dissolving a functional capping agent in at least one of the solutions of the metal compounds and chalcogenide; combining all solutions; and maintaining the combined solution at a proper temperature for an appropriate time.

Abstract: A metal cathode for an electron-emission device, and an indirectly heated cathode assembly employing the metal cathode where the metal cathode is formed of a quaternary alloy including 0.1-20% by weight barium (Ba), 0.1-20% by weight a metallic mobilizer facilitating Ba diffusion, a metal with a difference in atomic radius of at least 0.4 Angstrom from the atomic radius of platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd), the metal being in the range of 0.01 to 30% by weight, and a balance of at least one of Pt and Pd. The metal cathode has a low operating temperature due to its reduced work function with improved current emission capability. The metal cathode can be used for a longer lifetime at high current density. Therefore, the metal cathode can be used effectively in electron-beam devices, such as a Braun tube or picture tube, satisfying larger size, longer life span, high definition, and high luminance requirements of the devices.

Abstract: An indirectly heated metal cathode for an electron tube includes a metal sleeve of an Mo material, a metal emitter disposed on the metal sleeve and including Pt or Pd as a main component; and a buffer layer between the metal sleeve and the metal emitter. The buffer layer prevents Mo, an element of the metal sleeve, from diffusing into the emitter during the operation of the metal cathode so that electron-emitting performance does not decrease rapidly with operating time due to an increase in a work function. Therefore, the metal cathode satisfies a long life span requirement for large scale and high definition electron tubes.

Abstract: A cathode for an electron tube, including a metal base and an electron-emitting material layer coated on the metal base, where the electron-emitting material layer contains a needle-shaped conductive material and the surface roughness corresponding to a distance between the highest point and the lowest point on the surface of the electron-emitting material layer is controlled to be under 10 microns. A needle-shaped conductive material is contained in an electron-emitting material layer to effectively form a conductive path, thereby minimizing the generation of Joule heat due to self-heating of the electron-emitting material layer. Also, grain and pore sizes of the electron-emitting material layer are uniformly controlled and the density and porosity of the electron-emitting material layer are also controlled, thereby improving the density and surface planarity of the cathode compared to the conventional cathode manufactured by a spraying method.

Abstract: A metal cathode for an electron-emission device, and an indirectly heated cathode assembly employing the metal cathode where the metal cathode is formed of a quaternary alloy including 0.1-20% by weight barium (Ba), 0.1-20% by weight a metallic mobilizer facilitating Ba diffusion, a metal with a difference in atomic radius of at least 0.4 Angstrom from the atomic radius of platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd), the metal being in the range of 0.01 to 30% by weight, and a balance of at least one of Pt and Pd. The metal cathode has a low operating temperature due to its reduced work function with improved current emission capability. The metal cathode can be used for a longer lifetime at high current density. Therefore, the metal cathode can be used effectively in electron-beam devices, such as a Braun tube or picture tube, satisfying larger size, longer life span, high definition, and high luminance requirements of the devices.

Abstract: An indirectly heated metal cathode for an electron tube includes a metal sleeve of an Mo material, a metal emitter disposed on the metal sleeve and including Pt or Pd as a main component; and a buffer layer between the metal sleeve and the metal emitter. The buffer layer prevents Mo, an element of the metal sleeve, from diffusing into the emitter during the operation of the metal cathode so that electron-emitting performance does not decrease rapidly with operating time due to an increase in a work function. Therefore, the metal cathode satisfies a long life span requirement for large scale and high definition electron tubes.