Abstract: Disclosed herein are operation methods of a memory controller which controls a memory device. The method includes storing write data in a first area of the memory device, extracting first error position information indicating a position of at least one error included in data stored in the first area, storing the first error position information in a second area of the memory device, reading read data from the first area of the memory device, reading the first error position information from the second area of the memory device, refining the read data based on the first error position information to generate refined data, performing soft decision decoding based on the refined data to generate corrected data, and outputting the corrected data.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dispersion plate for a purification column including a support plate, at least one first fluid tube penetrating through the support plate, and a plurality of second fluid tubes arranged to be spaced apart from the first fluid tube and surround the first fluid tube, wherein a length of at least one of the second fluid tubes is longer than lengths of another second fluid tubes, and is shorter than or equal to a length of the first fluid tube.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dispersion plate for a purification column including a support plate, at least one first fluid tube penetrating through the support plate, and a plurality of second fluid tubes arranged to be spaced apart from the first fluid tube and surround the first fluid tube, wherein a length of at least one of the second fluid tubes is longer than lengths of another second fluid tubes, and is shorter than or equal to a length of the first fluid tube.