Abstract: Provided are a magnetic random access memory (MRAM) device using perpendicular magnetization, capable of stably reducing a size of a magnetic domain, and a method of fabricating the magnetic random access memory device. The magnetic random access memory device includes at least two magnetic layers, a tunnel insulation layer, and an underlayer. Each of the two magnetic layers has a magnetic domain perpendicularly magnetized in a thickness direction. The magnetic random access memory device includes an underlayer located on one side of at least one magnetic layer, and including at least one element of elements forming at least one magnetic layer to induce exchange coupling with the magnetic layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a transflective liquid crystal display having a high opening ratio and a single cell gap structure, which includes first and second substrates arranged opposite each other and respectively having reflective and transmissive regions; an opposite direction reflector disposed on the first substrate for reflecting introduced light to the transmissive regions; a color filter formed on the first substrate; transparent electrodes formed on the color filter; a lower polarization plate attached on the first substrate; common electrodes formed on the second substrate; an upper polarization plate attached on the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer corresponding to the reflective region includes a fixing retardation area in which introduced light is always subjected to a constant phase difference.

Abstract: Disclosed is a transflective type LCD device having high transmission and wide viewing angle characteristics. The transflective type LCD device includes first and second substrates aligned in opposition to each other, reflecting and transparent electrodes formed on one surface of the first substrate, a lower polarizing plate formed on the above electrodes, a lower alignment layer aligned on the lower polarizing plate, a color filter formed on one surface of the second substrate, a transparent common electrode formed on the color filter, an upper alignment layer formed on the transparent common electrode, two retardation films sequentially attached to an outer portion of the second substrate, an upper polarizing plate attached to the retardation films, and a liquid crystal layer including a plurality of liquid crystal molecules interposed between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A reformer that directly receives heat and performs an ATR catalyst reaction and an SR catalyst reaction. The reformer includes: a reforming reactor to reform hydrogen containing fuel into reformed gas having abundant hydrogen by performing an ATR catalyst reaction and an SR catalyst reaction; a heat source contacting one side of the reforming reactor and providing the reforming reactor with heat; and an air feeder to feed the reforming reactor with air by an air flow control unit. Thus, the ATR catalyst reaction featuring a relatively short preheating time is performed while the reformer is initially operated, so that hydrogen can be produced when the reformer is initially operated, thereby efficiently operating a fuel cell.

Abstract: A recording layer of a magneto-optical storage medium having a sublayer in accordance with the present invention comprises a recording layer on which information is recorded and stored; and a sublayer formed above or below the recording layer and made up of an alloy containing a transition metal, wherein a magnetic anisotropy energy of the sublayer is exchange-coupled to the recording layer, thereby enhancing a coercive force of the recording layer. The sublayer may be formed in a single-layered structure having one layer, or in a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers. The sublayer is preferably made up of an alloy containing a transition metal used for the recording layer. According to the present invention, the coercive force of the recording layer can be increased by an exchange coupling effect between the recording layer and its adjacent sublayer, and thus, the stability of the magnetic domain in the recording layer can be improved.

Abstract: A reformer is disclosed for supplying a reformed gas containing hydrogen to a fuel cell. The reformer comprises a heat source; a preheating portion preheated by heat from the heat source; a pipe shaped reforming reaction unit; a carbon monoxide processing unit extending from the reforming reaction unit; and a rugged portion installed on an internal surface of the pipe shaped reforming reaction unit which is heated by the heat source. By using the rugged portion and the extended pipe design, the area heated by the heat source is increased and more heat is recovered, thereby improving thermal efficiency.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell system including a fuel cell stack. The fuel cell stack includes a plurality of unit cells stacked together. The unit cell includes an electrolyte membrane, a separator and a gasket, which is located between the separator and the electrolyte membrane and provide sealing therebetween. Further, the fuel cell stack is coated with a coating over at least part of the exterior surfaces of the fuel cell stack. The coating provides additional sealing, which prevents any leakage from occurring in the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: Disclosed are a fuel reforming system and a fuel cell system having the same, which comprises a reformer to generate a reformed gas mainly containing hydrogen from a hydrogen containing fuel; and a CO remover to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas, wherein a ratio of an opening area of an inlet to an opening area of an outlet ranges from 1:1.5 to 1:3. Thus, the opening area of the inlet for the reforming fuel is larger than that of the outlet for the reformed gas, so that the reformed gas is smoothly discharged from the reformer without stagnating in the channel, thereby enhancing the reforming efficiency of the reformer.

Abstract: A tent frame including: leg posts a plurality of expandable connectors connected in pairs between adjacent posts, each connector having first and second outer ends and is fixedly connected at the first outer end to the upper end of one post and slidably connected at the second outer end to a lower portion of the same post, each connector movable between extended and folded states; a roof comprising upper poles, each pivotally connected to a post and to a central pole, each upper pole and corresponding central pole are movable between an extended and folded states; and support pole assemblies, each connected at one end to slide with a second outer end and at another end to a central pole so that each connector, upper pole and central pole expand together to the extended state and the support pole assemblies support the central poles to maintain the extended state.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for forming an alignment layer of an LCD capable of preventing Mura defects when the alignment layer is formed through an LC one drop fill process. The method includes the steps of coating a mixing solution including a solvent and organic polymer materials consisting of polyimide and polyamic acid on the substrates, pre-curing the mixing solution twice with mutually different temperatures, thereby volatizing the solvent and obtaining stable phase-separation between the organic polymer materials and the solvent, and completely curing the pre-cured mixing solution at a temperature of about 180 to 240° C. A primary pre-curing process is performed at a temperature less than 50° C. under vacuum pressure of about ?35 to ?50 psi, and a secondary pre-curing process is performed at a temperature within a range of about 50 to 75° C. under the same vacuum pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed is an OCB mode LCD device. The OCB mode LCD device includes a liquid crystal cell interposed between substrates, which are rubbed in a predetermined direction, an upper phase delay film aligned above the liquid crystal cell, an upper circular polarizing plate aligned below the upper phase delay film, a lower phase delay film aligned symmetrically to the upper phase delay film, and a lower circular polarizing plate aligned symmetrically to the upper circular polarizing plate and including an optical axis perpendicular to that of the upper circular polarizing plate. The optical axis direction of the polarizing plate is the same as the rubbing direction of the liquid crystal cell, thereby compensating for the phase delay caused by the liquid crystal molecules having the bend structure and realizing the completely dark state while ensuring wide viewing angle characteristics.

Abstract: A method of shutting down a fuel cell system and a fuel cell system using the method include a fuel cell having an anode and a cathode attached to opposite sides of an electrolyte membrane and generating electric energy by-electrochemical reaction between a gaseous hydrogen-containing fuel and an oxidizing agent respectively supplied to the anode and the cathode. The method includes electrically disconnecting an external load from the fuel cell in response to a shutting down signal for the fuel cell, intercepting the gaseous fuel and the oxidizing agent, and electrically connecting output terminals coupled to the anode and the cathode of the fuel cell with respective terminals of a battery, each battery terminal having a same polarity as the coupled anode or cathode.

Abstract: A fuel cell system including a stack provided with a plurality of unit cells generating electricity based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, and a reformer for supplying the hydrogen gas obtained by reforming hydrogen-containing fuel to the stack. A fuel storage tank is provided for storing the hydrogen-containing fuel to be supplied to the reformer and an air supplier is provided for supplying air to the stack. An injection nozzle assembly is detachably provided and includes an injection means placed in front of the inlet formed in the first side of the reformer to introduce the hydrogen-containing fuel from the fuel storage tank.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display of the present invention is disclosed. The reflective liquid crystal display of the present invention comprising: a lower substrate including a reflective electrode and a lower orientation film; an upper substrate opposed to the lower substrate, the upper substrate including a transparent substrate and an upper orientation film, the transparent substrate being capable of compensating a phase of ?/4 with an optical axis of a predetermined angle, the upper orientation film being formed on a surface of the transparent substrate opposed to the lower substrate; a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer interposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate, including a predetermined phase delay value (d? n); and a polarizing plate attached to a outer surface of the upper substrate not opposed to the lower substrate, having a predetermined polarizing axis.

Abstract: An optical head has a beam input/output coupler on a planar waveguide and other parts including: a light transmitting element emitting a beam; a planar waveguide formed on a substrate and receiving the beam oscillated from the light transmitting element; a beam input/output coupler integrated as a thin film on a portion of the planar waveguide and receiving the beam through the planar waveguide to transmit the beam vertically toward a disc positioned above the planar waveguide or transmitting the beam reflected from the disc through the planar waveguide; and light receiving elements receiving the beam propagated to the planar waveguide through the beam input/output coupler.

Abstract: Provided are a jig used in a forming a cover layer of a small form factor optical disk and a method forming a cover layer in a small form factor optical disk using the jig. The jig includes: a body; a cylindrical wall formed inside the body and mounting an optical disk plate to a predetermined depth; and a pin positioned in a center of the cylindrical wall and combined with a central hole of the optical disk plate.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a carbon-porous media composite electrode material, a composite electrode using the same and a preparation method thereof. The carbon-porous media composite electrode can be applied for a device such as a secondary battery, a capacitor or the like, or for preparing ultra pure water using a capacitive deionization process, purifying salty water or the like.

Abstract: Provided is a planar focusing grating coupler, comprising: a light waveguide including a cladding layer and a core layer formed on a substrate and maintaining incident laser light in a single mode; and a focusing grating coupler formed to have a predetermined grating pitch at a certain area over the core layer, wherein the light using to the light waveguide forms a focal point with the grating layer in the direction perpendicular to the focusing grating coupler, whereby an ultra small pickup head for a mobile optical disk can be used.

Abstract: Provided are a stamper fabricated by using an embossing master and a focusing grating coupler fabricated by using the stamper, which is applicable to a subminiature pickup head for a mobile optic disk, whereby it is possible to reduce a weight and a volume of the pickup head with a simple process and low cost and to apply for mass production.

Abstract: A tent frame including: leg posts a plurality of expandable connectors connected in pairs between adjacent posts, each connector having first and second outer ends and is fixedly connected at the first outer end to the upper end of one post and slidably connected at the second outer end to a lower portion of the same post, each connector movable between extended and folded states; a roof comprising upper poles, each pivotally connected to a post and to a central pole, each upper pole and corresponding central pole are movable between an extended and folded states; and support pole assemblies, each connected at one end to slide with a second outer end and at another end to a central pole so that each connector, upper pole and central pole expand together to the extended state and the support pole assemblies support the central poles to maintain the extended state.