Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes a resistance switching layer, a gate on the resistance switching layer, a gate oxide layer between the resistance switching layer and the gate, and a source and a drain, spaced apart from each other, on the resistance switching layer. A resistance value of the resistance switching layer is changed based on an illumination of light irradiated onto the resistance switching layer and is maintained as a changed resistance value.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are semiconductor devices to provide a CMOS-compatible, wafer-scale, multi-well platform that can be used for biomedical or other applications, and methods to operate the same. In some embodiments, circuitry is provided underneath a multiple-well array to electrically interface with electrodes in the wells. To interface with electrodes in a large array, circuitry may be fabricated on a single silicon (Si) wafer having a dimension that is at least the same or larger than that of the multiple-well array. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, standard CMOS fabrication process such as those known to be used in a standard semiconductor foundry may be used without expensive customization for complex fabrication procedures. This may help the production cost to be lowered in some cases.

Abstract: An electrochemical apparatus includes an array of pixels disposed on a chip, stimulator circuitry disposed on the chip and configured to provide electrical input signals to cause stimulation of the pixels of the array, and sensor circuitry disposed on the chip and configured to read electrical output signals from the pixels of the array. The stimulator circuitry is configured to provide the input signals to cause stimulation of the pixels individually, and the sensor circuitry is configured to selectively read the output signals from the pixels while the pixels are being stimulated. The sensor circuitry is configured to measure an open-circuit voltage at each of the pixels and a current flow at each of the pixels while the pixels are being stimulated by the stimulator circuitry. The open-circuit voltage may be measured while the current flow is being measured.

Abstract: Methods and systems for monitoring the activity of electrogenic networks are described. One representative system includes an array of electrode coupled to an analyzer having a stimulator and a receiver. The electrode is placed in contact with an electrogenic cell. The electrodes can be shaped as nanowires, tubes, cavities and/or cones. The analyzer may be configured to operate in a voltage stimulation mode, in which the cells are stimulated via voltages and monitored via current, or in a current stimulation mode, in which the cells are stimulated via currents and monitored via voltages. The analyzers may be arranged as single-stage amplifiers, and may include a feedback loop shared between the stimulation signal path and the sensing signal path. The feedback loop may be arranged to provide overlapping stimulation and sensing of the electrogenic network's cells.

Abstract: Disclosed is a neural computer including an image sensor capable of controlling a photocurrent. The neural computer according to an embodiment includes a preprocessor configured to receive an image and generate a feature map for the received image; a flattening unit configured to transform the feature map generated by the preprocessor into tabular data to provide data output; and an image classifier configured to classify images received through the preprocessor by using the data output by the flattening unit as an input value. The preprocessor includes an optical signal processor configured to receive the image and generate the feature map.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to nanowires. In one aspect, the present invention is generally directed to systems and methods of individually addressing nanowires on a surface, e.g., that are substantially upstanding or vertically-oriented with respect to the surface. In some cases, one or more nanowires may be individually addressed using various integrated circuit (“IC”) technologies, such as CMOS. For example, the nanowires may form an array on top of an active CMOs integrated circuit.

Abstract: Devices and methods for controlling the local pH of solutions (e.g., for parallelized polymer synthesis) are generally described. These may offer several advantages, including the ability to control pH using a plurality of pixels, and/or the ability to sense the pH associated with each pixel, according to certain embodiments. In some embodiments, such devices are used to selectively synthesize polymer sequences (e.g., DNA sequences) associated with each pixel. The pixels can, in some embodiments, comprise electrodes that can apply an electrical potential or current to a solution comprising an electrically sensitive pH modifier. In some cases, reaction of the electrically sensitive pH modifier may cause a change in pH. The pixels may comprise circuit components that can operate in multiple modes (e.g. as potentiostats, galvanostats, or open-circuit potential sensors capable of sensing local pH).

Abstract: A magnetic field monitoring system can include a host system that generates a magnetic field. The magnetic field monitoring system can include a plurality of sensor assemblies disposed apart from each other within the host system. Each of the plurality of sensor assemblies can include a coil wound around a sample and an integrated circuit coupled with the coil. The integrated circuit can perform one or more MR measurements of the sample using one or more pulse sequences.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus for electrically assessing and/or manipulating cells. One aspect is directed to electrically mapping cells on the surface of the semiconductor substrate via cross-electrode impedance measurements. Further according to some aspects, the electrode array allows for spatially addressable electrical stimulation and/or recording of electrical signals in real-time using the CMOS circuitry. Some of these aspects are directed to using an electrode array to perform cell patterning through electrochemical gas generation, and extracellular electrochemical mapping.

Abstract: Methods and systems for stimulating and monitoring electrogenic cells are described. Some systems for stimulating electrogenic cells are based on the injection of electric currents into the cells via electrodes connected to the cells. Such stimulators may comprise an impedance element having an input terminal and an output terminal coupled to an electrode, and a voltage follower coupled between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element, the voltage follower being configured to maintain a substantially constant voltage between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element. The impedance element may comprise one or more switched capacitors at least in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the voltage follower may be implemented using a source follower.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus for electrically assessing and/or manipulating cells. One aspect is directed to electrically mapping cells on the surface of the semiconductor substrate via cross-electrode impedance measurements. Further according to some aspects, the electrode array allows for spatially addressable electrical stimulation and/or recording of electrical signals in real-time using the CMOS circuitry. Some of these aspects are directed to using an electrode array to perform cell patterning through electrochemical gas generation, and extracellular electrochemical mapping.

Abstract: Provided are memristors and neuromorphic devices including the memristors. A memristor includes a lower electrode and an upper electrode that are apart from each other and first and second two-dimensional material layers that are arranged between the lower electrode and the upper electrode and stacked without a chemical bond therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to nanowires. In one aspect, the present invention is generally directed to systems and methods of individually addressing nanowires on a surface, e.g., that are substantially upstanding or vertically-oriented with respect to the surface. In some cases, one or more nanowires may be individually addressed using various integrated circuit (“IC”) technologies, such as CMOS. For example, the nanowires may form an array on top of an active CMOs integrated circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus for electrically assessing and/or manipulating cells. One aspect is directed to electrically mapping cells on the surface of the semiconductor substrate via cross-electrode impedance measurements. Further according to some aspects, the electrode array allows for spatially addressable electrical stimulation and/or recording of electrical signals in real-time using the CMOS circuitry. Some of these aspects are directed to using an electrode array to perform cell patterning through electrochemical gas generation, and extracellular electrochemical mapping.

Abstract: Methods and systems for stimulating and monitoring electrogenic cells are described. Some systems for stimulating electrogenic cells are based on the injection of electric currents into the cells via electrodes connected to the cells. Such stimulators may comprise an impedance element having an input terminal and an output terminal coupled to an electrode, and a voltage follower coupled between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element, the voltage follower being configured to maintain a substantially constant voltage between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element. The impedance element may comprise one or more switched capacitors at least in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the voltage follower may be implemented using a source follower.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus for electrically assessing and/or manipulating cells. One aspect is directed to electrically mapping cells on the surface of the semiconductor substrate via cross-electrode impedance measurements. Further according to some aspects, the electrode array allows for spatially addressable electrical stimulation and/or recording of electrical signals in real-time using the CMOS circuitry. Some of these aspects are directed to using an electrode array to perform cell patterning through electrochemical gas generation, and extracellular electrochemical mapping.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are semiconductor devices to provide a CMOS-compatible, wafer-scale, multi-well platform that can be used for biomedical or other applications, and methods to operate the same. In some embodiments, circuitry is provided underneath a multiple-well array to electrically interface with electrodes in the wells. To interface with electrodes in a large array, circuitry may be fabricated on a single silicon (Si) wafer having a dimension that is at least the same or larger than that of the multiple-well array. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, standard CMOS fabrication process such as those known to be used in a standard semiconductor foundry may be used without expensive customization for complex fabrication procedures. This may help the production cost to be lowered in some cases.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes a resistance switching layer, a gate on the resistance switching layer, a gate oxide layer between the resistance switching layer and the gate, and a source and a drain, spaced apart from each other, on the resistance switching layer. A resistance value of the resistance switching layer is changed based on an illumination of light irradiated onto the resistance switching layer and is maintained as a changed resistance value.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes a resistance switching layer, a gate on the resistance switching layer, a gate oxide layer between the resistance switching layer and the gate, and a source and a drain, spaced apart from each other, on the resistance switching layer. A resistance value of the resistance switching layer is changed based on an illumination of light irradiated onto the resistance switching layer and is maintained as a changed resistance value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus with artificial network generation and/or implementation corresponding to a natural neural network are disclosed. The method includes performing an adjusting, based on a firing time difference between an action potential (AP) of a first biological neuron and a post-synaptic potential (PSP) of a second biological neuron, of a first conductance value of a first memory corresponding to the first and second biological neurons, adjusting the firing time difference based on the PSP of the second biological neuron, and performing another adjusting, by controlling another firing time difference between the AP of the first biological neuron and the PSP of the second biological neuron to be the adjusted firing time difference, of a second conductance value of the first memory corresponding to the first and second biological neurons.