Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses for microarray mixing are provided. In one embodiment, a system comprises a microarray having one or more vibration motors coupled thereto, and psuedo-random voltage signals are provided to the vibration motors to agitate the microarray. In this way, the size of a microarray mixer can be reduced while avoiding standing wave artifacts in the microarray background.

Abstract: A device for measuring a resistance includes a comparator. A D-type flip-flop has its D input connected to the output of the comparator and its latch input connected for receiving a pulse signal at a fixed pulse repetition rate. A reference voltage source is connected to a first of the inputs of the comparator and an integrator is coupled between an output of the flip-flop and the second of the two inputs of the comparator. The integrator includes a resistor whereby the integrator develops a voltage at the second input of the comparator that depends on the pulse repetition rate and on the resistance of the resistor. The comparator, the integrator and the flip-flop are connected in a negative feedback loop such that at steady state the voltage developed by the integrator at the second input of the comparator is substantially equal to the reference voltage.