Abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water can be concentrated and prepared for destruction in a pretreatment phase. Following annihilation of the PFAS in supercritical conditions to levels below 5 parts per trillion (ppt), the water effluent can be used to recover heat, returned to sub-critical conditions, and then released back into the environment.

Abstract: This invention relates to a tubular direct methanol fuel cell. The fuel cell includes: a tubular inner electrode, a tubular outer electrode located concentrically around the inner electrode, and an annular electrolyte conduit located concentric to and in between the inner and outer electrodes. The inside of the inner electrode is a reactant conduit that is fluidly communicable with a first reactant source such that a first reactant is transmittable therethrough. The outside surface of the outer electrode is fluidly communicable with a second reactant source such that a second reactant is transmittable over the outside surface of the outer electrode. The annular electrolyte conduit is fluidly communicable with a fluid electrolyte source such that a fluid electrolyte is transmittable therethrough. One reactant is methanol-containing fuel, and the other reactant is oxidant.