Abstract: An acoustic wave resonator has a first conductive layer, piezoelectrical material formed over the first conductive layer, and second conductive layer formed over the piezoelectric material. An alignment of the first conductive layer, piezoelectric material and second conductive area defines an active region of the resonator and the active region includes a core area and a plurality of fractals extending from or recessed into the core area. The fractals maximize a perimeter-to-area ratio of the active region of the resonator. The fractals increase electromechanical coupling and a quality factor of the resonator. The fractals can have a star shape, rounded shape, asymmetric shape, or other shape that optimizes the perimeter-to-area ratio of the active region to maximize performance of the resonator. A frame can be disposed over or within the piezoelectric material. The frame is raised above the second conductive layer or recessed below the second conductive layer.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring an optical property of a sample including a source of radiation for exposing the sample to radiation of a predetermined wavelength; a detector for detecting the light intensity transmitted through the sample as a result of the exposure to generate a transmitted light intensity signal; circuitry for digitizing the transmitted light intensity signal; and an analyzer for determining the optical property from the digitized light intensity.