Abstract: A method of etching a metal oxide film includes depositing a metal (M) on the metal oxide film and contacting the metal oxide film and the metal (M) with an etch liquid comprising an acid (A) and a metal dissolution agent (X). The method can avoid patchwise etch.

Abstract: A method of processing payment in an electronic commercial transaction between a buyer and a seller comprises receiving payment from the buyer according to a first payment method pre-selected by the buyer, and making payment to the seller according to a second payment method pre-selected by the seller. The first payment method pre-selected by the buyer and the second payment method pre-selected by the seller are different from each other. Another method of making payment to a seller in an electronic commercial transaction comprises paying the seller according to a first payment method when the amount of the transaction is less than a predetermined amount, and paying the seller according to a second payment method which is different from the first payment method when the amount of the transaction is greater than the predetermined amount. The first and second payment methods may be pre-selected by the seller.

Abstract: Metal oxide films are etched with a metal and an etch liquid containing an acid and a metal penetration control agent.

Abstract: Methods for etching metal oxide films, especially tin oxide.

Abstract: An apparatus for high speed packing of envelopes is disclosed. The apparatus includes an envelope flap opening assembly which facilitates the opening of each envelope by a finger of an opening element as the envelope passes through packing apparatus. Each envelope may then be conveyed into a first staging assembly where the envelope is stopped, allowing a freely rotating conveyor to force the envelope into contact with an ejection conveyor to direct the envelope from the first staging assembly. The envelope is then transported to the packing assembly by an intermediate conveyor having a plurality of distinctly and selectively driven conveyors to allow staging of the envelopes along the intermediate conveyor. A quick and efficient envelope packing assembly then packs the envelopes and ejects the envelope to an exiting conveyor which seals each packed envelope.

Abstract: Metal oxide films are etched with a metal and an etch liquid containing an acid and a metal penetration control agent.

Abstract: Methods for etching metal oxide films, especially tin oxide.

Abstract: An apparatus for high speed packing of envelopes is disclosed. The apparatus includes an envelope flap opening assembly which facilitates the opening of each envelope by a finger of an opening element as the envelope passes through packing apparatus. Each envelope may then be conveyed into a first staging assembly where the envelope is stopped, allowing a freely rotating conveyor to force the envelope into contact with an ejection conveyor to direct the envelope from the first staging assembly. The envelope is then transported to the packing assembly by an intermediate conveyor having a plurality of distinctly and selectively driven conveyors to allow staging of the envelopes along the intermediate conveyor. A quick and efficient envelope packing assembly then packs the envelopes and ejects the envelope to an exiting conveyor which seals each packed envelope.

Abstract: A stage and thread assembly is disclosed for use in a high speed envelope packing apparatus. The assembly receives from the side, a single envelope with flap open. The assembly precisely aligns and positions the envelope in a pre-stage area via a plurality of entry ramps, continuously running belts, and back stops, correcting any misalignment. Once positioned in the pre-stage area, the apparatus stages the envelope in a position above the thread roller of the high speed packing apparatus so that the envelope can be threaded on the packing plate for insertion of material into the envelope. The staging of the envelope is achieved via a plurality of rollers including, d-rollers, flipper rollers, and stage rollers. The envelope is staged in a direction perpendicular to the direction of entry of the envelope.

Abstract: Metal oxide films are etched with a metal and an etch liquid containing an acid and a metal penetration control agent.

Abstract: An apparatus for high speed packing of envelopes is disclosed. The apparatus includes an envelope flap opening assembly which facilitates the opening of each envelope by a finger of an opening element as the envelope passes through packing apparatus. Each envelope may then be conveyed into a first staging assembly where the envelope is stopped, allowing a freely rotating conveyor to force the envelope into contact with an ejection conveyor to direct the envelope from the first staging assembly. The envelope is then transported to the packing assembly by an intermediate conveyor having a plurality of distinctly and selectively driven conveyors to allow staging of the envelopes along the intermediate conveyor. A quick and efficient envelope packing assembly then packs the envelopes and ejects the envelope to an exiting conveyor which seals each packed envelope.

Abstract: Masked tin oxide films are etched with an etchant composed of hydrochloric acid and a penetration control agent. The exposed metal oxide film is reduced to metallic tin by the action of active hydrogen (H0) produced in the reaction of zinc with acid, and etching stops when the metallic tin becomes impenetrable to H0.

Abstract: Masked tin oxide films are etched with an etchant composed of a zinc metal, an acid and a Ni++ penetration control agent. The exposed metal oxide film is reduced to metallic tin by the action of active hydrogen (H0) produced in the reaction of zinc with acid, and etching stops when the metallic tin becomes impenetrable to H0.

Abstract: Masked tin oxide films are etched with an etchant composed of zinc metal, HCl, and a penetration control agent. The exposed metal oxide film is reduced to metallic tin by the action of active hydrogen (Ho) produced in the reaction of zinc with acid, and etching stops when the metallic tin becomes impenetrable to Ho.

Abstract: An apparatus for high speed packing of envelopes is disclosed. The apparatus includes an envelope flap opening assembly which facilitates the opening of each envelope by a finger of an opening element as the envelope passes through packing apparatus. Each envelope may then be conveyed into a first staging assembly where the envelope is stopped, allowing a freely rotating conveyor to force the envelope into contact with an ejection conveyor to direct the envelope from the first staging assembly. The envelope is then transported to the packing assembly by an intermediate conveyor having a plurality of distinctly and selectively driven conveyors to allow staging of the envelopes along the intermediate conveyor. A quick and efficient envelope packing assembly then packs the envelopes and ejects the envelope to an exiting conveyor which seals each packed envelope.

Abstract: Method for etching metal oxide films, especially tin oxide on a substrate in which a metal (Zn) is deposited on said film and etching is performed by a mixture of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a metal dissolution agent, such as ferric chloride. The hydrochloric acid reacts with the zinc to produce active hydrogen which reduces the tin oxide to tin, which in turn is etched with the hydrochloric acid.