Abstract: A sodium electrochemical cell that supports a current density at the negative electrode of at least 500 ?A/cm2, the electrochemical cell comprising (i) a negative electrode and (ii) a sodium-ion ionic liquid electrolyte having a sodium-ion concentration that is no less than 75% of its saturation limit in the electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode has a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed as a result of the electrochemical cell having undergone a polarisation cycle.

Abstract: Processes for upgrading a heavy oil or heavy oil-derived feedstock in presence of an ionic liquid are described, and can improve the heavy oil or heavy oil-derived properties such as viscosity and composition, and reduced contaminant content, such as a reduced Total Acid Number (TAN) and a reduced heavy metal content. Processes for upgrading heavy oil or heavy oil-derived in presence of an ionic liquid can include a catalytic cracking treatment carried out under catalytic cracking conditions, and/or a non-catalytic treatment, as well as various separation steps to separate the ionic liquid or a diluent if present in the feedstock. The ionic liquids that can be used in the context of the processes described herein include ionic liquids that are feed-miscible or feed-immiscible.

Abstract: A sodium-ion electrolyte composition for use in an electrochemical cell, the electrolyte composition comprising a mixture of a phosphonium salt and a sodium salt, wherein the electrolyte composition presents as a solid up to at least 25° C.

Abstract: A sodium-ion electrolyte composition for use in an electrochemical cell, the electrolyte composition comprising a mixture of a phosphonium salt and a sodium salt, wherein the electrolyte composition presents as a solid up to at least 25° C.

Abstract: A sodium electrochemical cell that supports a current density at the negative electrode of at least 500 ?A/cm2, the electrochemical cell comprising (i) a negative electrode and (ii) a sodium-ion ionic liquid electrolyte having a sodium-ion concentration that is no less than 75% of its saturation limit in the electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode has a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed as a result of the electrochemical cell having undergone a polarisation cycle.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for oxygen reduction comprising a porous organic material and at least one inherently conducting polymer such as a charge transfer complex or a conductive polymer, optionally combined with a non-conducting polymer. A current conductor may be located intermediate the porous organic material and the inherently conductive polymer. The electrode is suitable for use with an ion-conducting membrane and fuel such as hydrogen, an alcohol or borohydride to form a fuel-cell. The electrode is also suitable for use with an anode, such as a reactive metal and an electrolyte to form a battery.

Abstract: Pyrrolidinium-based room temperature ionic liquids, and phosphorus and arsenic analogues, are used as electrolytes in energy storage devices including secondary lithium batteries, supercapacitors and asymmetric battery-supercapacitors. The electrolytes preferably contain lithium ions as the charge-carrying species. The electrolytes are in a liquid state at the operating temperature.

Abstract: Crosslinked elastomeric electrolytes and compatible separator materials are provided for use in electrical energy storage devices such as aluminum electrolytic capacitors and batteries. The separator material is impregnated with the electrolyte, and as a result, the electrolyte acts to strengthen the separator material, allowing a storage device to be constructed with separator materials of reduced thickness and thereby achieving an improvement in the energy density of the storage device. Methods of making such electrolytes and storage devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: Elastomeric polymer electrolytes are provided for use in electrical energy storage devices such as aluminum electrolytic capacitors and batteries. The electrolytes contain two or more salts of approximately equal concentration, such that the salt mixture has a much higher combined solubility than any single salt in the mixture, resulting in electrolytes that provide higher conductivity and resulting in storage devices with improved ESR. Methods of making such electrolytes and storage devices are also disclosed.