Abstract: A borehole muon detector for muon radiography or geotomography is provided, the borehole muon detector including a substantially cylindrical housing, which defines a bore, a pair of end caps, each end cap sealing an end of the cylindrical housing and a plurality of sealed drift tubes which are longitudinally disposed in the bore of the housing to form a bundle of drift tubes, wherein each sealed drift tube comprises: a centrally located anode wire disposed on a longitudinal axis; an inner surface which is coated with a cathode coating, the cathode coating divided into a first cathode pad and a second cathode pad by a Vernier pattern; and a timer in electrical communication with the anode wire for measuring a drift time. A system and a method are also provided.

Abstract: A borehole muon detector for detecting and characterizing a geographic region of interest is provided, the borehole muon detector comprising a housing and sensor, which is housed in the housing, the sensor including: a plurality of photodetector elements; at least one printed circuit board in electrical communication with the plurality of photodetectors and including an integrated electronic circuit for tracking time; a first helical bundle of scintillator fibers; an oppositely wound helical bundle of scintillator fibers, the oppositely wound helical bundle, the first helical bundle and the opposite helical bundle defining an outer cylinder, which includes a first end and a second end and a bore therebetween, each scintillator fiber of each bundle directly optically connected to a photodetector element at least at one end and indirectly optically connected to the photodetector element at no more than one end; and a plurality of scintillator bars, each comprising a first end, a second end and an optical fiber

Abstract: A borehole muon detector for muon radiography or geotomography is provided, the borehole muon detector including a substantially cylindrical housing, which defines a bore, a pair of end caps, each end cap sealing an end of the cylindrical housing and a plurality of sealed drift tubes which are longitudinally disposed in the bore of the housing to form a bundle of drift tubes, wherein each sealed drift tube comprises: a centrally located anode wire disposed on a longitudinal axis; an inner surface which is coated with a cathode coating, the cathode coating divided into a first cathode pad and a second cathode pad by a Vernier pattern; and a timer in electrical communication with the anode wire for measuring a drift time. A system and a method are also provided.

Abstract: A gas electron multiplier (GEM), used to track cosmic ray muons, can have readout electrodes oriented in a helical pattern so that it can fit inside a narrow aperture borehole. The helical orientation of the readout electrodes provides for high spatial resolution and yet is cost effective to manufacture. The GEM can have an insulation layer, a plurality of conduction layers and an inner layer comprising a plurality of helical conductive stripes extending between two ends of the GEM.

Abstract: A borehole muon detector for muon radiography or geotomography is provided, the borehole muon detector including a substantially cylindrical housing, which defines a bore, a pair of end caps, each end cap sealing an end of the cylindrical housing and a plurality of sealed drift tubes which are longitudinally disposed in the bore of the housing to form a bundle of drift tubes, wherein each sealed drift tube comprises: a centrally located anode wire disposed on a longitudinal axis; an inner surface which is coated with a cathode coating, the cathode coating divided into a first cathode pad and a second cathode pad by a Vernier pattern; and a timer in electrical communication with the anode wire for measuring a drift time. A system and a method are also provided.

Abstract: A borehole muon detector for detecting and characterizing a geographic region of interest is provided, the borehole muon detector comprising a housing and sensor, which is housed in the housing, the sensor including: a plurality of photodetector elements; at least one printed circuit board in electrical communication with the plurality of photodetectors and including an integrated electronic circuit for tracking time; a first helical bundle of scintillator fibers; an oppositely wound helical bundle of scintillator fibers, the oppositely wound helical bundle, the first helical bundle and the opposite helical bundle defining an outer cylinder, which includes a first end and a second end and a bore therebetween, each scintillator fiber of each bundle directly optically connected to a photodetector element at least at one end and indirectly optically connected to the photodetector element at no more than one end; and a plurality of scintillator bars, each comprising a first end, a second end and an optical fiber

Abstract: A system for passively monitoring territory proximate to or at restrictive boundaries for tunnels, the system comprising a plurality of muon sensors, a data network in communication with each muon sensor, a power network in electrical communication with each muon sensor, and a data analysis unit, the data analysis unit in communication with each muon sensor via the data network, the data analysis unit comprising a memory and a processor, the memory configured to instruct the processor to analyse data from the plurality of muon detectors to identify and locate a new or emerging tunnel. A method of locating tunnels is also provided.