Abstract: A method for replicating a holographic optical element and a holographic optical element replicated thereby are provided. The holographic optical element is larger than a master. The master has a holographic grating pattern generated on the master by interference of the reflected, diffracted or transmitted beam generated by irradiating the master having a specific diffraction grating pattern formed thereon with a laser beam.

Abstract: An apparatus that calculates a mobile terminal position includes storage, an updater to receive global positioning system (GPS) satellite signals, and a position calculation unit. The apparatus stores GPS reference information, which is updated if an information update event occurs. Then, if a position calculation event occurs, the apparatus receives synchronization signals from the GPS satellite signals and calculates the position of the mobile terminal using the synchronization signals and the stored GPS reference information. A method for calculating a position of a mobile terminal includes calculating a transmission time period of each GPS satellite signal using synchronization signals, calculating a distance between each GPS satellite and the mobile terminal, calculating positions of the GPS satellites using GPS reference information, and calculating the position of the mobile terminal using GPS satellite positions and distances between the GPS satellites and mobile terminal.