Abstract: A secondary electrochemical cell for storing and delivering electrical energy is provided herein. The cell includes a negative electrode comprising a surface exposed to an aqueous electrolyte; the aqueous electrolyte for transferring zinc(II) (Zn2+) ions between the negative electrode and a positive electrode; and the positive electrode comprising at least one redox active organic molecule. The at least one redox organic molecule is insoluble in the aqueous electrolyte at all states of the cell. A method for chemically grafting 39,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) onto a carbon substrate is provided. The method includes functionalizing the PQ with an amino group to obtain PQ-NH2; mixing the PQ-NH2 with the carbon substrate in ethanol; sonicating the mixture to adsorb the PQ-NH2 to the carbon substrate; adding the mixture to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and mixing to obtain a grafting reaction; and extracting grafted material via vacuum filtration.

Abstract: A catalyst structure includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a catalyst layer on the substrate; and (3) an adhesion layer disposed between the substrate and the catalyst layer. In some implementations, an average thickness of the adhesion layer is about 1 nm or less. In some implementations, a material of the catalyst layer at least partially extends into a region of the adhesion layer. In some implementations, the catalyst layer is characterized by a lattice strain imparted by the adhesion layer.

Abstract: A supported catalyst includes: (1) a catalyst support; and (2) deposits of a catalyst covering the catalyst support, wherein the deposits have an average thickness of about 2 nm or less, and the deposits are spaced apart from one another.

Abstract: A catalyst structure includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a catalyst layer on the substrate; and (3) an adhesion layer disposed between the substrate and the catalyst layer. In some implementations, an average thickness of the adhesion layer is about 1 nm or less. In some implementations, a material of the catalyst layer at least partially extends into a region of the adhesion layer. In some implementations, the catalyst layer is characterized by a lattice strain imparted by the adhesion layer.

Abstract: A catalyst structure includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a catalyst layer on the substrate; and (3) an adhesion layer disposed between the substrate and the catalyst layer. In some implementations, an average thickness of the adhesion layer is about 1 nm or less. In some implementations, a material of the catalyst layer at least partially extends into a region of the adhesion layer. In some implementations, the catalyst layer is characterized by a lattice strain imparted by the adhesion layer.

Abstract: A supported catalyst includes: (1) a catalyst support; and (2) deposits of a catalyst covering the catalyst support, wherein the deposits have an average thickness of about 2 nm or less, and the deposits are spaced apart from one another.

Abstract: A catalyst structure includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a catalyst layer on the substrate; and (3) an adhesion layer disposed between the substrate and the catalyst layer. In some implementations, an average thickness of the adhesion layer is about 1 nm or less. In some implementations, a material of the catalyst layer at least partially extends into a region of the adhesion layer. In some implementations, the catalyst layer is characterized by a lattice strain imparted by the adhesion layer.