Abstract: A battery management apparatus and method to estimate a state of a battery is provided. The battery management apparatus includes a processor configured to collect battery information, to estimate a residual capacity of a battery at an operating temperature based on the collected battery information, to convert the estimated residual capacity of the battery into a capacity of the battery at a reference temperature, and to estimate an state of health (SOH) of the battery based on the converted capacity.

Abstract: An organic electrolyte solution including a metal-ligand coordination compound, wherein the ligand is an organic phosphate compound.

Abstract: Provided is a redox flow battery including a positive electrode cell having a positive electrode and a catholyte solution; a negative electrode cell having a negative electrode and an anolyte solution; and an ion-exchange membrane disposed between the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell, wherein the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution each includes a non-aqueous solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and an electrolyte, and wherein the electrolyte includes a metal-ligand coordination compound, and at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand having an electron donating group.

Abstract: A redox flow battery including a cathode cell having a cathode and a catholyte solution; an anode cell having an anode and an anolyte solution; and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode cell and the anode cell, wherein the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution each include an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte includes a plurality of metal-ligand coordination compounds, wherein at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes two or more different ligands, and wherein a dipole moment of the metal-ligand coordination compound is greater than 0.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating a state of charge (SoC) of a metal-air battery includes a measurer configured to measure an amount of oxygen consumption of the metal-air battery; and an estimator configured to estimate the SoC of the metal-air battery based on the measured amount of oxygen consumption.

Abstract: A redox flow battery. A metal-ligand coordination compound including an aromatic ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group is used as the catholyte and/or the anolyte so that a redox flow battery having high energy density and excellent charge/discharge efficiency may be provided.

Abstract: Provided are redox flow batteries employing supporting electrolyte of a ring- or spiro-type structure and having high energy efficiencies and energy densities.

Abstract: An organic electrolyte solution including a solvent; an electrolyte including a metal-ligand coordination compound; and an additive including a hydrophobic group and a metal affinic group.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte, each of which includes a metal-ligand coordination complex, in which a metal of a metal-ligand coordination complex of the positive electrode electrolyte is different from a metal of a metal-ligand coordination complex of the negative electrode electrolyte. Due to use of different metals in the positive and negative electrode electrolytes, the redox flow battery has high energy density and high charge and discharge efficiency.

Abstract: A battery control apparatus includes a switching unit configured to charge a second battery module from a first battery module; a sensor configured to sense state information of at least one battery module among the first battery module and the second battery module; and a controller configured to control the switching unit and the sensor.

Abstract: A composition for filling an ion exchange membrane, a method of preparing the ion exchange membrane, the filled ion exchange membrane, and a redox flow battery using the filled ion exchange membrane. The composition includes an ion conductive material and a water soluble support.

Abstract: A metal-ligand coordination compound containing an aliphatic ligand useful as a catholyte and/or an anolyte that enables the provision of a redox flow battery having high energy efficiency and charge/discharge efficiency.

Abstract: A composition for filling an ion exchange membrane including a first aromatic vinyl monomer having a halogenated alkyl group or a quaternary ammonium salt group, a method of preparing the ion exchange membrane, an ion exchange membrane prepared using the method, and a redox flow battery including the ion exchange membrane.

Abstract: A redox flow battery including a cathode cell having a cathode and a catholyte solution; an anode cell having an anode and an anolyte solution; and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode cell and the anode cell, wherein the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution each include an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte includes a plurality of metal-ligand coordination compounds, wherein at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes two or more different ligands, and wherein a dipole moment of the metal-ligand coordination compound is greater than 0.

Abstract: Provided is a redox flow battery including a positive electrode cell having a positive electrode and a catholyte solution; a negative electrode cell having a negative electrode and an anolyte solution; and an ion-exchange membrane disposed between the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell, wherein the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution each includes a non-aqueous solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and an electrolyte, and wherein the electrolyte includes a metal-ligand coordination compound, and at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand having an electron donating group.

Abstract: An organic electrolyte solution including a metal-ligand coordination compound, wherein the ligand is an organic phosphate compound.

Abstract: A composition for filling an ion exchange membrane including a first aromatic vinyl monomer having a halogenated alkyl group or a quaternary ammonium salt group, a method of preparing the ion exchange membrane, an ion exchange membrane prepared using the method, and a redox flow battery including the ion exchange membrane.

Abstract: A battery pack including battery cells, a housing to house the battery cells, and a cooling device that cools air flowing through the housing. The cooling device may be installed on an intermediate portion of the housing. The cooling device may include a cooling pipe, in which water flows.

Abstract: A fuel cell system in which a low open circuit voltage (OCV) is maintained in a start-up mode and in a shut-down mode, and a method of operating the same, the method including: supplying an anode off-gas and air to the cathode in an open circuit voltage state in a start-up mode and cutting off supply of the fuel gas to the cathode in a normal operating mode; and supplying the fuel gas and air to the cathode in a shut-down mode, and if a load is cut off, purging the cathode and the anode in the OCV state.

Abstract: A fuel cell system a includes a cooling water temperature raising unit that raises the temperature of a fuel cell stack by passing discharge gas of a process burner or hydrogen gas of a fuel processing unit and cooling water that is heated by the discharge gas of the process burner through flow paths formed on opposing surfaces of cooling separators formed of a metal and installed between a plurality of cells in the stack. Thus in the fuel cell system, when the temperature of the stack needs to be rapidly raised, for example, during a start up operation of the fuel cell system, the temperature of the stack can be rapidly raised using discharge gas at a high temperature or combustion heat of hydrogen gas, and heated cooling water, and thereby, significantly reducing the time required for the fuel cell system to be in regular operation.