Abstract: A device management system configured to interconnect with a device may include at least one processor; and a memory configured to store a device management program including at least one instruction executed by the at least one processor. The at least one processor may be configured to store a first program and a second program independently in separately partitioned areas in the memory, wherein the first program is related to functional safety of the device and the second program is unrelated to the functional safety of the device.

Abstract: This invention relates to a laminated heat exchanger, more particularly, which is constructed to close some of distribution channels in refrigerant distributing sections of tubes to uniformly distribute refrigerant into the tubes thereby improving refrigerant flow distribution. The laminated heat exchanger comprises a number of laminated tubes, a refrigerant inlet pipe, a refrigerant outlet pipe, a number of heat radiator fins and at least one of the tubes includes a pair of tanks, a refrigerant flow section for connecting the tanks via a partitioning bead formed between the tanks, refrigerant distribution sections provided at inlet and outlet sides of the refrigerant flow section and each having a plurality of distribution channels partitioned by at least one bead, and channel-restricting means provided in each of the refrigerant distribution sections, for restricting two outermost ones of the distribution channels.

Abstract: This invention relates to a laminated heat exchanger, more particularly, which is constructed to close some of distribution channels in refrigerant distributing sections of tubes to uniformly distribute refrigerant into the tubes thereby improving refrigerant flow distribution. The laminated heat exchanger comprises a number of laminated tubes, a refrigerant inlet pipe, a refrigerant outlet pipe, a number of heat radiator fins and at least one of the tubes includes a pair of tanks, a refrigerant flow section for connecting the tanks via a partitioning bead formed between the tanks, refrigerant distribution sections provided at inlet and outlet sides of the refrigerant flow section and each having a plurality of distribution channels partitioned by at least one bead, and channel-restricting means provided in each of the refrigerant distribution sections, for restricting two outermost ones of the distribution channels.