Abstract: A flow battery comprising: a first tank having a variable internal volume and containing a first ionic solution having a first oxidation state, and wherein the first tank is substantially evacuated of any gas; a second tank having a variable internal volume and containing a second ionic solution having a second oxidation state that is different from the first oxidation state, and wherein the second tank is substantially evacuated of any gas; a reaction chamber operatively coupled with the first and second tanks such that the first ionic solution within the reaction chamber is separated from the second ionic solution by an ion exchange membrane; a first pump configured to pump the first ionic solution through the reaction chamber; and a second pump configured to pump the second ionic solution through the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A spectrographic analyzer of pulses within a signal includes a data interface, an edge detection filter, a delay buffer, an integrator, and a histogram buffer. The data interface duplicates a stream of digital amplitude samples for the signal into a first and second stream. The edge detection filter determines the beginning and end of each pulse within the first stream of the digital amplitude samples. The delay buffer delays the second stream by a duration sufficient for the edge detection filter to determine both the beginning and end of each pulse. The integrator sums a respective amplitude total for each pulse. The respective amplitude total sums the digital amplitude samples between the beginning and end of each pulse in the second stream as delayed by the delay buffer. The histogram buffer maintains bins and increments a respective one of the bins encompassing the respective amplitude total for each pulse.

Abstract: A low-current run plug circuit comprising: a run plug configured to electrically connect 1st and 2nd terminals when the run plug is installed; a safety circuit mounted within the battery-powered apparatus comprising: a JFET a current set resistor a P-channel MOSFET, a voltage divider, and an N-channel MOSFET connected together such that when the run plug is removed the N-channel MOSFET and the P-channel MOSFET are in cutoff wherein no current flows to the electrical load, and such that when the run plug is installed, the safety circuit creates a low-impedance electrical path from the cathode to the electrical load.

Abstract: A flow battery comprising: a first tank having a variable internal volume and containing a first ionic solution having a first oxidation state, and wherein the first tank is substantially evacuated of any gas; a second tank having a variable internal volume and containing a second ionic solution having a second oxidation state that is different from the first oxidation state, and wherein the second tank is substantially evacuated of any gas; a reaction chamber operatively coupled with the first and second tanks such that the first ionic solution within the reaction chamber is separated from the second ionic solution by an ion exchange membrane; a first pump configured to pump the first ionic solution through the reaction chamber; and a second pump configured to pump the second ionic solution through the reaction chamber.