Abstract: A method for processing fly ash to reduce a carbon content thereof is disclosed. The disclosed method may include drying a batch of wet fly ash and separating it into first and second streams of dried fly ash, with the second stream then undergoing classification to remove oversized particles and bottom ash therefrom and thermal treatment to offload carbon therefrom. The method also may include mixing (A) the first stream of dried fly ash and (B) the classified and thermally treated second stream of dried fly ash to produce (C) a processed fly ash mixture having a carbon content in the range of about 3.0-6.0 wt %. In some cases, additive(s) optionally may be added to the processed fly ash mixture, for example, to further adjust its loss on ignition (LOI) to a targeted range. Also disclosed are several systems embodying such methodology.

Abstract: A concrete product is provided having a body including an ornamental surface layer, an intermediate strengthening layer and a concrete substrate layer. The intermediate strengthening layer functions as a buffer between any air bubbles remaining in the concrete substrate layer and the ornamental facing layer following curing of the product.

Abstract: A concrete product is provided having a body including an ornamental surface layer, an intermediate strengthening layer and a concrete substrate layer. The intermediate strengthening layer functions as a buffer between any air bubbles remaining in the concrete substrate layer and the ornamental facing layer following curing of the product.