Abstract: Graphite oxide can be converted to its reduced form (r-GO) using exposing radiation having a peak wavelength (?max) of less than 400 nm, and even less than 1 nm (X-rays). This conversion method is efficient and can be carried out with various forms of graphite oxide samples, with or without simultaneous application of heat, below atmospheric pressure, or in a reducing environment.

Abstract: A method for vaporizing particulate material and depositing it onto a surface to form a layer, includes providing a supply of particulate material in a replenishment container, the replenishment container having a sealed interface fitting; mounting the replenishment container to a supply hopper defining at least one feed opening, and breaking the seal at the interface fitting; transferring particulate material from the replenishment container to the supply hopper; and transferring such particulate material through the feed opening along a feeding path to a vaporization zone where at least a component portion of the particulate material is vaporized and delivered to the surface to form the layer.

Abstract: A method of screening a water soluble gold complex for use as a sensitizer in a silver halide photographic element comprised of experimentally measuring the electrochemical potential of the gold complex and then determining if the electrochemical potential falls within a predetermined utility window.