Abstract: Apparatus for selective destruction or inactivation of cells is disclosed wherein cells are arrayed in a plane for successive illumination, by optical X-Y scanning devices, with a first low powered light beam to produce in particular cells certain radiations responsive to the illumination. These response radiations are detected and used to enable a second higher powered light beam directed through substantially the same optical scanning paths, to destroy or inactivate the cells producing the response radiations. The illumination, response, detection, and high power radiation steps are accomplished by devices acting in times short as compared to the X-Y scanning devices so as to make the accurate treatment of each of large numbers of cells highly effective.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the substantially uniform irradiation of the entire area of cavities from the inside. The apparatus comprises a light source and a layer comprising a material having a high-scatter capability, low transmission and low absorption, wherein said layer fits well to the interior surface of a cavity. The method comprises placing an area-covering layer along rhe cavity wall of the cavity to be irradiated with a material having a high diffusive reflection capability, low transmission, and low absorption capability to obtain a lined cavity; introducing a light source onto the interior of the lined cavity; and irradiating the lined cavity so that the light entering from the area-covering layer into the cavity wall is homogeneously distributed.

Abstract: Apparatus for selective destruction or inactivation of cells is disclosed wherein cells are arrayed in a plane for successive illumination, by optical X-Y scanning devices, with a first low power red light beam to produce in particular cells certain radiations responsive to the illumination. These response radiations are detected and used to enable a second higher powered light beam directed through substantially the same optical scanning paths, to destroy or inactivate the cells producing the response radiations. The illumination, response, detection, and high power radiation steps are accomplished by devices acting in times short as compared to the X-Y scanning devices so as to make the accurate treatment of each of large numbers of cells highly effective.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing various laser wavelengths from the same laser medium by means of resonator mirrors. In accordance with the apparatus any desired, given combination of laser wavelengths can be brought to emission simultaneously or at least in very rapid alternation (switching time 1 ms) with the use of standard resonator mirrors linearly arranged outside of a laser medium, with part of at least one of the resonator mirrors being configured so that it serves as resonator limitation for a certain laser wavelength or wavelength group but another part of the at least one of the resonator mirrors constitutes an intracavity element for the respective other wavelength(s) or wavelength group(s).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the uniform and simultaneous illumination by means of radiation of the interior surfaces of cavities for the purpose of observation and/or irradiation. In particular, such cavities may be not only hollow organ cavities, but also cavities in non-organic objects. The solution provides that the interior of the cavities is filled, at least in part, with a light scattering or dispersing medium and the dispersing medium is caused to shine or scatter light by means of one or a plurality of radiations or scattered light. With the integral irradiation used according to the present invention, two procedures are combined technologically, namely diagnosis and therapy of, for example, carcinoma in organ cavities which have been photosensitized by chemical substances, possibly on the basis of differences in decomposition of cancerous and normal tissue.

Abstract: Panoramic detector of ions spatially distributed in different beams, comprising a plane symmetry diaphragm having an opening permitting the passage of the beams and which is brought to earth potential, an electrode for converting ions into electrons having an opening facing the diaphragm opening, the conversion electrode having the same plane of plane symmetry and being brought to a negative potential relative to the earth potential, and a planar electrode facing the conversion electrode and brought to a positive potential relative to the potential of the conversion electrode, the face of the conversion electrode facing the planar electrode having a predetermined shape in such a way that the electron beams formed retain the same spatial distribution as the beams of ion to be detected in the presence of an applied magnetic field.

Abstract: A method for studying a fluid by forming a stream of the fluid, exciting the stream by causing a laser beam to impinge thereon to produce secondary particles or quanta, and subjecting the resulting secondary particles or quanta to an analysis operation in an analyzer.

Abstract: Mass spectrograph comprising an ion source, means for analyzing the ions emitted by this source and a panoramic ion detector, wherein the analysis means are of the type with magnetic separation and measurement of the time of flight and the ion source is a pulsed source.The panoramic ion detector comprises an ion inlet diaphragm, means facing the diaphragm which permit the conversion of ions into electrons, means facing the means for converting the ions into electrons and permitting the conversion of electrons into photons, a photon detector facing the means for converting the electrons into photons and photon guidance means located between the means for converting electrons into photons and the photon detector whereby the photon guidance means have a monoblock structure.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for adjusting the focal point of a working laser beam onto a microscopic target region of a transparent biological object to locate the focal point a spaced predetermined microscopic distance from an interface of the object is described. Separate working and auxiliary laser beams are produced which are then collinearly superimposed in parallel relationship, the auxiliary laser beam having a wavelength within the visible range and different from the wavelength of the working laser beam. The superimposed laser beams are focused jointly through the objective of a microscope onto the object. First variable focusing means placed in the path of one of the laser beams is controlled to produce a spacing between the focal spots equal to the predetermined distance.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analyzing a sample comprising the steps of irradiating a selected area of the sample with a first burst of laser energy to vaporize the sample, condensing the vaporized sample on the surface of an intermediate carrier and analyzing the condensed sample material deposited on the intermediate carrier.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing a sample by electromagnetic irradiation includes a vacuum chamber, a support for holding the sample in the vacuum chamber, an arrangement for irradiating the sample with an electromagnetic beam, a mass analyzer disposed in the vacuum chamber, an arrangement for extracting particles from the sample and introducing them into the mass analyzer and a layer of conductive material situated in the vicinity of support in the zone of the sample.

Abstract: In a method for producing selected mass spectra by directing electromagnetic radiation through an optical system onto sample material for vaporization, destruction, excitation and/ or ionization in the microrange, setting the expanse of the irradiation region of the sample by selection of the energy density of the radiation, and detecting the released particles, the radiation power density is varied for producing mass spectra having respectively different proportions of atom and molecule spectra.

Abstract: A sample analyzer includes a microscope for alternatively focusing an electromagnetic radiation on the sample to cause ion emission therefrom and visually observing the sample; a mass spectrometer for the mass analysis of the emitted ions; an illuminating device for lighting the sample for the microscopic visual observation thereof; an ion optical system for directing the emitted ions into the mass spectrometer; and a displaceably supported carrier carrying the ion optical system and at least one part of the illuminating device. The carrier has a first position in which the ion optical system is in an operating position in alignment with the sample and a second position in which the illuminating device is in an operating position in alignment with the sample. There is further provided an actuator for selectively moving the carrier into its positions in a direction generally perpendicular to the axis of the ion optical system.