Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor(S), in particular for an electrical network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular in an electric car. The sensor according to the invention comprises first of all a measuring device (ME) for current measurement and/or for voltage measurement in the electrical network, in particular with a low-resistance current sense resistor for current measurement according to the four-wire technique. Furthermore, the sensor(S) according to the invention comprises an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring an electrical insulation of high-side and/or low-side of the electrical network. The sensor(S) according to the invention is characterized by the fact that the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) operates actively and impresses measurement pulses into the electrical network for insulation monitoring.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor (S), in particular for an electrical network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular in an electric car. The sensor according to the invention comprises first of all a measuring device (ME) for current measurement and/or for voltage measurement in the electrical network, in particular with a low-resistance current sense resistor for current measurement according to the four-wire technique. Furthermore, the sensor (S) according to the invention comprises an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring an electrical insulation of high-side and/or low-side of the electrical network. The sensor (S) according to the invention is characterized by the fact that the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) operates actively and impresses measurement pulses into the electrical network for insulation monitoring.

Abstract: A method and a measuring device for detecting a leakage current in an ungrounded, single-phase alternating-current power supply system. A variable test resistance is switched between one of the outer conductors and ground and starting from a minimally admissible test-resistance value, at least one of three support test-resistance values is determined as support locations. In an equivalent circuit of the modeled alternating-current power supply system, an equations system is set up for describing the dependency of currents and voltages. An extrapolation on the test-resistance value zero leads to a calculated test current which corresponds to the leakage current to be detected. Consequently, a ground fault situation may be simulated without actually causing a dangerous ground fault.

Abstract: An electric measuring assembly and a method for continuously monitoring a protective-conductor resistance of a protective-conductor connection in a power supply system having a supply station, a supply line, and an electric installation, grounded via the connection. A signal generator generates a signal alternating voltage having a measuring frequency; a first transformer encircles the connection and a first winding inductively couples the voltage into the connection so a loop current flows via first and second leakage capacitors, the active conductors, and the connection, and a second winding for the second measurement of a protective-conductor voltage; a second transformer encircles the connection and has a secondary winding capturing a protective-conductor current flowing in the connection; an evaluation unit determines a loop impedance from the protective-conductor voltage and the protective-conductor current for evaluating the real part of the loop impedance.

Abstract: A method and a measuring device for detecting a leakage current in an ungrounded, single-phase alternating-current power supply system. A variable test resistance is switched between one of the outer conductors and ground and starting from a minimally admissible test-resistance value, at least one of three support test-resistance values is determined as support locations. In an equivalent circuit of the modeled alternating-current power supply system, an equations system is set up for describing the dependency of currents and voltages. An extrapolation on the test-resistance value zero leads to a calculated test current which corresponds to the leakage current to be detected. Consequently, a ground fault situation may be simulated without actually causing a dangerous ground fault.

Abstract: An electric measuring assembly and a method for continuously monitoring a protective-conductor resistance of a protective-conductor connection in a power supply system having a supply station, a supply line, and an electric installation, grounded via the connection. A signal generator generates a signal alternating voltage having a measuring frequency; a first transformer encircles the connection and a first winding inductively couples the voltage into the connection so a loop current flows via first and second leakage capacitors, the active conductors, and the connection, and a second winding for the second measurement of a protective-conductor voltage; a second transformer encircles the connection and has a secondary winding capturing a protective-conductor current flowing in the connection; an evaluation unit determines a loop impedance from the protective-conductor voltage and the protective-conductor current for evaluating the real part of the loop impedance.

Abstract: A method is for monitoring a ground resistance of an electric installation which consists of an ungrounded stationary alternating-voltage power supply system having at least one active conductor and of a consumer connected to the stationary alternating-voltage power supply system via a supply line. For this method, the already available active conductors of the stationary alternating-voltage power supply system and the leakage capacity of the leakage capacitor installed in the consumer are used to complete a measuring-current circuit for monitoring the ground resistance, a measuring signal being capacitively coupled between the active conductor and ground via a coupling circuit. Measuring currents and measuring voltages are measured when the consumer is switched on and off, a complex-valued load-side impedance, which has the ground resistance to be monitored in its real part, being detected from these measurements.

Abstract: A method for controlling a charging apparatus of a vehicle, in particular an electric or hybrid vehicle, wherein the charging apparatus has a charging device including a protection and monitoring device. The vehicle includes a high-voltage on-board power system and an electrical energy storage apparatus connected to the high-voltage on-board power system. The method includes electrically connecting the high-voltage on-board power system to charging connections of an energy supply system by the charging apparatus. The charging connections include a neutral conductor, a protective conductor and at least one phase conductor. A protective conductor resistance is detected between the neutral conductor and the protective conductor by feeding in a test current by the protection and monitoring device. A frequency of the test current is filtered out of the compensation frequency range on a narrowband basis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for identifying arc faults in an ungrounded power supply system. This object is attained by detecting a displacement voltage to ground at an active conductor or at a neutral point of the ungrounded power supply system; by providing a value of an operating frequency occurring in the power supply system; and by analyzing a frequency spectrum of the detected displacement voltage by calculating and assessing Fourier coefficients at the locations of the operating frequency and its harmonics. Due to the broadband detection of the displacement voltage interacting with the “quick” generation of the basic functions by means of a DDS generator, arc faults can be identified reliably in an ungrounded power supply system.

Abstract: A method and a test apparatus for determining the elements of a dielectric equivalent circuit diagram for an insulation of an electric system and to an insulation monitoring device. All data points of the system's step response are stored for a measuring period Tm, and fault resistance Rf and an initial value Ce0 of leakage capacitance Ce are calculated. After this determination of fault resistance Rf and initial value Ce0, the elements of absorption element Ra and Ca and leakage capacitance Ce are determined by numeric signal processing by using an approximation algorithm which continuously simulates the recorded step response. For simulating the step response, a transfer function G(s) modelled by the equivalent circuit diagram having equivalent circuit diagram elements Rf, Ce, Ra, Ca and measurement resistance Rm is formed analytically and the output signal is calculated, which is described using transfer function G(s), by means of the step function.

Abstract: A method is for monitoring a ground resistance of an electric installation which consists of an ungrounded stationary alternating-voltage power supply system having at least one active conductor and of a consumer connected to the stationary alternating-voltage power supply system via a supply line. For this method, the already available active conductors of the stationary alternating-voltage power supply system and the leakage capacity of the leakage capacitor installed in the consumer are used to complete a measuring-current circuit for monitoring the ground resistance, a measuring signal being capacitively coupled between the active conductor and ground via a coupling circuit. Measuring currents and measuring voltages are measured when the consumer is switched on and off, a complex-valued load-side impedance, which has the ground resistance to be monitored in its real part, being detected from these measurements.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and to circuit arrangements for localizing a fault location on an electric line based on time-domain reflectometry. The presently described methods and circuit arrangements serve for localizing an interference location, in particular an insulation fault, on an electric line by using methods of time-domain reflectometry.

Abstract: A method and a test apparatus for determining the elements of a dielectric equivalent circuit diagram for an insulation of an electric system and to an insulation monitoring device. All data points of the system's step response are stored for a measuring period Tm, and fault resistance Rf and an initial value Ce0 of leakage capacitance Ce are calculated. After this determination of fault resistance Rf and initial value Ce0, the elements of absorption element Ra and Ca and leakage capacitance Ce are determined by numeric signal processing by using an approximation algorithm which continuously simulates the recorded step response. For simulating the step response, a transfer function G(s) modelled by the equivalent circuit diagram having equivalent circuit diagram elements Rf, Ce, Ra, Ca and measurement resistance Rm is formed analytically and the output signal is calculated, which is described using transfer function G(s), by means of the step function.

Abstract: A method for insulation fault location in a branched, ungrounded power supply system includes determining an insulation fault position being carried out in combination with evaluating information for identifying a faulty cable outlet according to the method of time-domain reflectometry. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for insulation fault identification in a branched power supply system and for status monitoring of the branched power supply system, an image of all reflection positions on the power supply system being carried out based on a method of time-domain reflectometry. Moreover, the invention relates to a device for insulation fault location in a branched, ungrounded power supply system having the function units insulation fault test apparatus and insulation fault evaluation device having a measuring current transformer, the device comprising a time-domain reflectometer having a controller so as to implement the method according to the invention.

Abstract: A method for controlling a charging apparatus of a vehicle, in particular an electric or hybrid vehicle, wherein the charging apparatus has a charging device including a protection and monitoring device. The vehicle includes a high-voltage on-board power system and an electrical energy storage apparatus connected to the high-voltage on-board power system. The method includes electrically connecting the high-voltage on-board power system to charging connections of an energy supply system by the charging apparatus. The charging connections include a neutral conductor, a protective conductor and at least one phase conductor. A protective conductor resistance is detected between the neutral conductor and the protective conductor by feeding in a test current by the protection and monitoring device. A frequency of the test current is filtered out of the compensation frequency range on a narrowband basis.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and to circuit arrangements for localizing a fault location on an electric line based on time-domain reflectometry. The presently described methods and circuit arrangements serve for localizing an interference location, in particular an insulation fault, on an electric line by using methods of time-domain reflectometry.

Abstract: A device and method is for insulation monitoring in a power supply system composed of a main system including a neutral point that is high-resistance grounded via a neutral-point resistance and, optionally, of at least one subsystem, wherein the main system and the subsystem each have a differential current measuring device for registering a differential current. The invention is based on feeding a measuring signal into the optionally branched HRG system via an active measuring method and registering the fault current driven by the measuring signal in the outgoing power feeds to be monitored by means of a differential current measurement and using the registered fault current in an evaluating device to determine the total insulation resistance of the power supply system and to determine the partial insulation resistances of the main system and potentially present subsystems. Furthermore, the insulation monitoring device can be employed for insulation fault location.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for identifying arc faults in an ungrounded power supply system. This object is attained by detecting a displacement voltage to ground at an active conductor or at a neutral point of the ungrounded power supply system; by providing a value of an operating frequency occurring in the power supply system; and by analyzing a frequency spectrum of the detected displacement voltage by calculating and assessing Fourier coefficients at the locations of the operating frequency and its harmonics. Due to the broadband detection of the displacement voltage interacting with the “quick” generation of the basic functions by means of a DDS generator, arc faults can be identified reliably in an ungrounded power supply system.

Abstract: A method for insulation fault location in a branched, ungrounded power supply system includes determining an insulation fault position being carried out in combination with evaluating information for identifying a faulty cable outlet according to the method of time-domain reflectometry. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for insulation fault identification in a branched power supply system and for status monitoring of the branched power supply system, an image of all reflection positions on the power supply system being carried out based on a method of time-domain reflectometry. Moreover, the invention relates to a device for insulation fault location in a branched, ungrounded power supply system having the function units insulation fault test apparatus and insulation fault evaluation device having a measuring current transformer, the device comprising a time-domain reflectometer having a controller so as to implement the method according to the invention.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and measuring an insulation resistance in ungrounded and grounded power supply systems includes the method steps of generating a periodic measuring signal, coupling in the measuring signal between active conductors of the power supply system to be monitored and ground, and detecting and evaluating measured values of the measuring signal. In one embodiment of the invention, the generated measuring signal is formed as a multi-frequency signal by the superposition of a finite number of harmonic oscillations with at least three harmonics. Alternatively, the multi-frequency signal can also be realized by means of a targeted, portioned construction of the signal shape in the time domain on the basis of a binary sequence optimization or by generating the measuring signal by means of the time-division multiplexing method.