Abstract: A method for manufacturing high-precision end faces on waveguides, by which the end face of a waveguide formed in a substrate contains microscopically small fractures due to mechanical processing, is characterized by the procedural steps: place a body (20) having a high-precision surface against the substrate (10) in front of the end face of the waveguide (12); introducing an adhesive (22) into the space between the end face of the waveguide (12) and the high-precision surface of the body (20); and allowing the adhesive (22) to set.

Abstract: In a vertical sensor, a container encases a light absorbing liquid. An air bubble is formed within the light absorbing liquid and is displaced in the event that the container deviates from a vertical indicating position. A light source and a photoelectric detector are arranged on opposite sides of the container and form a light barrier which responds to migration of the air bubble as a result of a deviation of the container from the vertical indicating position. At least one shell portion of the container is of a flexible nature for pressure compensation.

Abstract: A method of coupling electro-optical components (20) to integrated-optical waveguides (12) which are provided in a substrate (10) comprises the steps of: (a) applying an etching agent to the substrate (10) such that a cavity (18) is etched into the surface of the substrate (10) and intersects the waveguide (12); (b) positioning and holding an electro-optical component (20) within the cavity (18) in the desired position relative to the waveguide (12); and (c) encasing the component (20) within the cavity (18) into a rigidifying cast material having a refractive index matched to the refractive index of the waveguide (12). Other embodiments provide for making the cavity by boring or milling.