Abstract: Novel phosphonate compounds are described. The compounds have activity as neuraminidase inhibitors against wild-type and H274Y mutant of H1N1 and H5N1 viruses. The present disclosure also provides an enantioselective synthetic route to known neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and the anti-flu drug Tamiflu®, as well as novel phosphonate compounds, via D-xylose. Another efficient and flexible synthesis of Tamiflu and the highly potent neuraminidase inhibitor Tamiphosphor was also achieved in 11 steps and >20% overall yields from the readily available fermentation product (1S-cis)-3-bromo-3,5 -cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol. Most of the reaction intermediates were obtained as crystals without tedious purification procedures. The key transformations include an initial regio- and stereoselective bromoamidation of a bromoarene cis-dihydrodiol, as well as the final palladium-catalyzed carbonylation and phosphonylation.

Abstract: Novel phosphonate compounds are described. The compounds have activity as neuraminidase inhibitors against wild-type and H274Y mutant of H1N1 and H5N1 viruses. The present disclosure also provides an enantioselective synthetic route to known neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and the anti-flu drug Tamiflu®, as well as novel phosphonate compounds, via D-xylose. Another efficient and flexible synthesis of Tamiflu and the highly potent neuraminidase inhibitor Tamiphosphor was also achieved in 11 steps and >20% overall yields from the readily available fermentation product (1S-cis)-3-bromo-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol. Most of the reaction intermediates were obtained as crystals without tedious purification procedures. The key transformations include an initial regio- and stereoselective bromoamidation of a bromoarene cis-dihydrodiol, as well as the final palladium-catalyzed carbonylation and phosphonylation.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for the treatment viral infections in organisms, particularly flu virus. The methods and compositions of the disclosure involve the administration to mammals and immune cells of a fucose-containing glycoprotein fraction from Reishi. An extract of G. lucidum induces immune responses that are shown to induce increase survivability in mice injected with lethal does of influenza virus. The effect is increased when the G. lucidum extract is dosed prior to injection of the lethal dose of influenza virus.

Abstract: A method for testing a semiconductor structure having a set of top-side connections and having a set of bottom-side connections is provided. The method may include providing a device socket for connecting the set of top-side connections and the set of bottom-side connections to a tester. The method may further include providing a device hood for connecting the set of top-side connections to a respective first end of each of a plurality of interconnects in the device hood, wherein a second end of each of the plurality of interconnects in the device hood connects the set of top-side connections to the device socket. The method may further include testing the semiconductor structure using the tester. The semiconductor structure may include at least one integrated circuit to be tested.

Abstract: A method for testing a semiconductor structure having a set of top-side connections and having a set of bottom-side connections is provided. The method may include providing a device socket for connecting the set of top-side connections and the set of bottom-side connections to a tester. The method may further include providing a device hood for connecting the set of top-side connections to a respective first end of each of a plurality of interconnects in the device hood, wherein a second end of each of the plurality of interconnects in the device hood connects the set of top-side connections to the device socket. The method may further include testing the semiconductor structure using the tester. The semiconductor structure may include at least one integrated circuit to be tested.

Abstract: Disclosed are chemical agents with unexpected activity to inhibit the interactions between human immunoglobulin E (IgE) and its receptor (Fc.epsilon.RI) which interactions are known to be involved in triggering allergic responses. The agents may be used to module the allergic response in the treatment of various clinical conditions, including rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and anaphylacric shock. The agents can be formulated for oral, topical or parenteral administration.

Abstract: Disclosed are chemical agents with unexpected antimicrobial activity against the microbes, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, known to be important in the cause and progression of gingivitis, periodontitis, and destruction of hard and soft oral tissues leading to tooth loss. The agents have additional unexpected anticollagenase activity useful in the direct mitigation of tissue damage. The agents can be formulated to produce various compositions and dental implements useful in management of peridental diseases, particularly those involving infection with certain gram-negative anaerobes.