Abstract: The process of mitigation of spacecraft surface charging using polar molecules is invented. There exists a class of polar molecules which are electro-negative. This class includes the halocarbons, and includes the fluorocarbon refrigerants. They readily pick up electrons and become negatively charged molecules. In this invention, neutral polar molecular liquid is sprayed in fine mist form onto negatively charged spacecraft surfaces. The molecules pick up the electrons and evaporate away with the electrons.

Abstract: The process of mitigation of spacecraft surface charging using ionized water vapor is used, since it helps taking excess surface electrons away from a spacecraft surface, leaving practically no residue after complete evaporation.

Abstract: Sticky polymeric particles are planted upon a site to be remotely monitored over a substantial future time period for the presence of toxic target agents. An airborne vehicle positioned over the site directs a laser beam toward the site and if one or more toxic agents are present at the site, a return beam is produced having one or more known spectral signatures corresponding to the toxic target agents which are recognized by a photospectrometer in the airborne vehicle. Alternatively, a chemiluminescent reaction between the toxin and the particles can produce an alarm condition right at the monitored site.