Abstract: To thicken remaining residues in ultrafiltration or microfiltration for clarifying fruit juices, systems having membrane module groups (1, 2, 3) connected in series are used in the cross flow process with a residue circuit. The groups (1, 2, 3) can be individually switched on or off in succession, depending upon the present thickening gradient of the residue in the residue feed stream. By operating a suitable number of groups (1, 2, 3), an operationally favorable working pressure is kept constant at the membrane modules until as great as possible a desired value of the thickening gradient of the residue is reached. In this way, an improvement of the overall capacity of filtration systems is achieved.

Abstract: A filter envelope (26) for a rod-shaped, flexible drainage core (4) with flow paths (5) for removing the pressed-out fluid from the pressing chamber of a press. By winding the filter envelope (26) itself around it, a ring-shaped bulge (20) is fixedly connected with it (26) for assembling the filter envelope (26) and the drainage core (4) on one or both ends of the press.

Abstract: A filter sleeve (26) surrounds a rod-shaped, flexible drain core with flow paths for removing a pressed-out liquid from the pressing chamber of a press. For mounting one or both ends of the filter sleeve (26) and the drain core on the press, a rubber or elastically deformable shaped element (29) with a ring-like bead (22) is firmly connected with the filter sleeve (26) at its end. The shaped element (29) inseparably penetrates the fabric of the filter sleeve (26) because of an elastomer coating, and the bead (22) is automatically positioned in a groove (24) of a support body (23) because of its previous stretching.

Abstract: To thicken retentate residues using ultra- or microfiltration to clarify fruit juices, apparatuses which have membrane modules (1, 2) are used in the cross-flow process with a retentate circuit. It is proposed that first, the process be carried out with virtually constant retentate overflow velocity at the membranes until there is an increased concentration. Then the transmembrane pressure of membrane modules (1, 2) is kept constant or further increased, and the overflow velocity is reduced, until the desired thickening of the retentate residue is achieved. So that the last reduction step can be carried out, speed-governed retentate displacement pumps (8) are employed. To prevent stoppages of the membranes of membrane modules (1, 2), the apparatus is operated with special flow dividers (10) for the retentate, or an individual circulating pump is associated with each group of membrane modules.

Abstract: A process to separate insoluble solid portions from soluble liquid materials of fruits with increased performance and yield using a press (7) wherein water, is first supplied to a mill for crushing the fruit. The soluble materials are then separated from the solid portions as juice in the press (7). The relationship between water feed and fruit feed can be controlled by a of microprocessor (22). An apparatus for carrying out this process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A cyclically operating filter press for squeezing juice from fruit is controlled so that the pressing pressure rises during an early part of a cycle and then, at a time determined in view of actual process variables, the pressure increase is stopped and the pressing pressure remains constant thereafter. The limiting time for the pressure rise is determined with a process.

Abstract: In supplying material for pressing (37) into the press chamber of a filter press for separating solids and liquids, the filling operation (F) is done interruptedly in a first step (P1) at a fill opening (44). A press element (36) executes a plurality of pressings up to a constant stroke position (HS). Not until a second method step (P2) is the filling operation (F) interrupted, as soon as the pressing pressure exceeds a limit value (PS), whereupon the pressings are continued with shortened strokes. The method offers automatic adaptation of the prefilling time to the pressability of the materials. It thus becomes possible to prefill highly differently pressable material automatically and without specifying a command value in such a way that an optimal performance is attained in terms of the yield and the juice extraction output of a filter press.

Abstract: A determination of the amounts of fill of material (7) to be pressed in the solid-liquid separation by means of a filter piston press with a pressure element (6) for several successive pressing operations is made with the aid of a consideration in the yield/output diagram. Under a presupposition regarding the position of characteristic curves connecting various operating points in this diagram and by the interposition of an imaginary operating point it is possible to determine the changes in yield and output for each pressing operation and therefore the amounts of refill to be used in such a way that a maximal product of yield and output results for the solid-liquid separation operations when predetermining free process values. The method provides an automatic adaptation of the fill time to the compressibility of the materials.

Abstract: At both ends of a filter cover (6), respectively in the fastening area of the filter cover on draining element (1), bondings or settings (12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 10, 21) of stitches (10) are applied, which are interrupted in one or more of first rows of stitches (11) and are offset in one or more rows of stitches at the end of the fastening area in the peripheral direction. In a modification, setting (22) of stitches (10) at the end of the fastening area is placed uninterrupted in the peripheral direction. These settings partially or completely allow runs in the fastening area of a filter cover (6), so that, on the one hand, an enlargement of filter cover (6) is made possible for the assembly, and, on the other hand, the formation of runs outside the fastening area is prevented.

Abstract: The rod-shaped flexible core (6) of a drainage element (2) mounted in a pressing space (1) of a fruit press has several longitudinal grooves (8, 13) on its periphery, through which the extracted juice is conveyed to juice collecting spaces (5). The free ends of each drainage element (2) are detachably fastened by drainage locks (3) to juice collecting plates (4) bordering the pressing space (1). In the area of rigid drainage lock (3), through which the juice is guided, the longitudinal grooves (8) are widened, so that in this area, in which the flexibility of core (6) to assist the flow process is absent, the risk of clogging by solid sediment particles in the juice is prevented.

Abstract: A diaphragm (1) in a press vessel of a press intended for separating liquid and solid materials consists of two semicircular diaphragm parts (2) facing the front walls of the press vessel and of a diaphragm part (8) connected with these parts (2) on both sides and approximately corresponding to half the outer vessel wall. The diaphragm parts (2, 8) are formed from fabric (3, 13) with plastic coating on both sides and, semicircular diaphragm parts (2) are divided into segments. At least one of the thread systems forming a fabric (3) is aligned to a radial center bisector of each segment.

Abstract: A process for clarifying raw juice in which the proportion of solids in the retentate circuit (2, 3, 4) of an ultrafiltration or microfiltration device (1) is sharply increased during the starting time (FIG. 1). With increasing proportion of solids, the filtration yield falls off sharply and then increases again to a value which is higher than the starting value. On reaching the maximum possible filtration yield value, the proportion of solids and thereby also the filtration yield is maintained constant by regulating the amount of retentate outflow or the amount of fresh juice to be fed in. In this way the filtration yield can be significantly improved.

Abstract: A process for controlling a press for the extraction of juice from agricultural products, in which the pressing stroke of a pressing cycle is ended at the earliest when the maximum average juice output occurs. This process can be performed using a juice discharge arrangement of a press in which is connected a flowmeter as a sensor, which in turn is connected to a device controlling the drive elements of the press.

Abstract: The presses used in extracting the juice from fruits, grains, berries and vegetables have a membrane actuable by a fluid pressure medium. The membrane is made of a woven fabric coated on both sides with plastic, and comprises a multi-axial fiber composite structure of several fiber systems. At least two fiber systems have fibers at right angles to each other and an additional plurality of fiber systems have fibers oblique with respect to the fibers at right angles to each other.

Abstract: In a process for clarification of liquids, especially raw juice by continuous crosscurrent filtration, which for improvement of the filtration output is run with a high solid portion in the retentate circulating circuit, during the starting phase an additional retentate discharge from the retentate circulating circuit takes place, which is relatively small in comparison with the retentate discharge taking place during the stationary operating phase. By this measure, a further improvement of the filtration output is achieved.

Abstract: Readily dispersible formulations comprising (a) finely divided copper phthalocyanine and (b) an iron hexacyanoferrate-III pigment are obtained by thoroughly milling a mixture of (a) and (b).The performance characteristics and tinctorial properties of the formulations comprising (a) and (b) can be improved by incorporating (c) a Mannich condensate obtained from 2-hydroxynaphthalene which may or may not possess 1 or 2 further .beta.-OH groups, formaldehyde and a primary or secondary amine, (d) a compound of the formula K(-NH-CONH-R).sub.2, where K is 1,5-naphthylene or 4,4'-diphenylenemethane and R is C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 -alkyl, C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 -alkenyl, C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 -alkoxypropyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 -alkoxyethyleneoxypropyl, (e) a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 -alkylbenzenesulfonic acid and (f) a mixture of (e) with a basic copper phthalocyanine and/or a salt obtained by reacting (e) with the basic copper phthalocyanine.

Abstract: A press for extracting fluid from fluid-containing matter so as to separate the fluid from the remaining matter, particularly for dejuicing of agricultural products, primarily fruit, includes a rotatably supported container, and at least one flexible membrane which can be actuated by exerting pressure thereon. The membrane is disposed in the container, and subdivides the container so as to define a pressure chamber and a press space therein. At least one wall surrounds the press space, and the pressure chamber has an inlet conduit and an outlet conduit for a pressure medium. Flexible drainage devices are located at least partly on the wall, and extend into the press space.

Abstract: In a mechanism for releasably securing a longitudinal and flexible drainage element to a press-plate of a press which has a press-space for squeezing juice from fruits, and wherein the press-plate defines a passage, a securing device which includes a collar is provided which is received in the passage, and at least partially surrounds the drainage element near an end thereof. A securing sleeve is connected to the collar, and is formed with a shoulder, which abuts the press-plate on a side thereof facing the press-space. The drainage element is releasably secured by the securing device to the press-plate.

Abstract: Highly concentrated, dust-free, solid and readily dispersible pigment formulations contain(a) from 70 to 95% by weight of one or more finely divided pigments,(b) from 5 to 30% by weight of one or more surfactants which possess 20-45% by weight of ethylene oxide units, have a mean molecular weight of from 4,000 to 15,000 and are obtained by reacting an amine of the formula ##STR1## where R is C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkylene, R.sup.1 is H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl and n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or R is 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene or 4,4'-diphenylenemethane, R.sup.1 is H and n is 1, with propylene oxide and then reacting the product with ethylene oxide, and(c) from 0 to 5% by weight of waxes and/or antifoams, with or without(d) other agents conventionally used in pigment formulations, the percentages being based on (a+b+c).The formulations are very useful for pigmenting aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous/alcoholic printing inks and surface coatings, and printing pastes for textiles.

Abstract: In a press for obtaining juice from agricultural products having a container, a press plate and a reaction press plate movable relative to one another within the container, a plurality of longitudinal drainage lines connecting the press plates, and wherein each line has a predetermined drainage capability and includes a flexible central core and a sleeve of a material acting as a filter surrounding the central core, at least one of the drainage lines includes a drainage element extending therefrom, so that the drainage capability of the drainage line is increased beyond the predetermined drainage capability.