Abstract: A method for determining a switching state of a valve, an inductance variable being determined on the basis of current and voltage measurements and the switching state being determined on the basis of the inductance variable. Also disclosed is a solenoid valve assembly for carrying out such a method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a surface treated filler material product, the surface treated filler material product as well as an article comprising the surface treated filler material product.

Abstract: An inventive process for the production of a composite polymer material is provided allowing for the preparation of a composite polymer material with high filler content which may be used as a masterbatch.

Abstract: An inventive process for the production of a composite polymer material is provided allowing for the preparation of a composite polymer material with high filler content which may be used as a masterbatch.

Abstract: An inventive process for the production of a composite polymer material is provided allowing for the preparation of a composite polymer material with high filler content which may be used as a masterbatch.

Abstract: An inventive process for the production of a composite polymer material is provided allowing for the preparation of a composite polymer material with high filler content which may be used as a masterbatch.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydrophobic salts of layer-like metal hydroxides, which are obtainable by adding to a layer-like metal hydroxide salt, which contains trivalent, divalent and optionally monovalent metal cations and one or more organic anions A of the formula (1) X—R—Y??(1), wherein X denotes hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfato or sulfo; Y denotes carboxyl, sulfato or sulfo, and R denotes an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, olefinic, cycloolefinic, heterocycloolefinic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, araliphatic or heteroaraliphatic radical having 2 to 50 C atoms, wherein one or more substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, halogen, C1-C22-alkyl, C1-C22-alkoxy, C1-C22-alkylene-(CO)—O—(CH2CH2O)0-50-alkyl, C1-C22-alkylene-(CO)—O—(CH2CH2O)0-50-haloalkyl, carboxyl, sulfo, nitro or cyano can be present, in dispersion, with intensive thorough mixing, one or more hydrophobic compounds from the group consisting of waxes and metal soaps in an amount of from 0.2 to 200 wt.

Abstract: A dye base sulfate and method of making are described. The dye base sulphate of formula (I) is produced with a residual amine content of less than 2000 ppm, as determined by HPLC, by precipitation of the dye base, made by Friedel-Crafts alkylation, substitution and hydrolysis, as the dye base sulphate is a) taken up in water and subjected to a first steam distillation then filtered and optionally dried at 50 to 180° C., b) the pressed cake is treated with water or the optionally dried dye base sulphate is moistened with water, c) subjected to a further steam distillation and filtration and d) dried at 50 to 180° C.

Abstract: Layered double hydroxide salts as charge control agents in electrophotographic toners and developers, in powder coating materials, electret materials and in electrostatic separation processes of chargeable materials, such as polymers, wherein the double hydroxide salt contains monovalent and/or divalent, and also trivalent, metal cations, and also contains one or more organic anions A of the formula (I) X—R—Y??(1) wherein X is hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfato or sulfo; Y is carboxyl, sulfato or sulfo, and R is an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, olefinic, cycloolefinic. heterocycloolefinic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, araliphatic or heteroaraliphatic radical having a total of at least 8 carbon atoms which can be substituted by one or several substituents from the group hydroxyl, amino, halogen, C1-C22-alkyl, C1-C22-alkoxy, —C1-C22-alkylene-(CO)—O—(CH2CH2O)0-50-alkyl,—C1-C22-alkylene-(CO)—O—(CH2H2O)0-50-haloalkyl, carboxy, sulfo, nitro or cyano.

Abstract: A layered double hydroxide salt as a charge control agent in electrophotographic toners and developers, in powder coating materials, electret materials and in electrostatic separation processes of chargeable materials, such as polymers, wherein the double hydroxide salt contains monovalent and/or divalent, and also trivalent, metal cations, and also contains organic anions A of the formulae (I) to (XXX) set forth in the specification.

Abstract: A salt-like hydrophobic structured silicate, wherein the cation of the salt-like structured silicate is a low molecular weight organic cation or a combination thereof with NH4+, H3O+, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, earth metal and/or a transition metal ion. The anion of the salt-like structured silicate is an island, ring, group, chain, band, layer or tectosilicate or a combination thereof. The structured silicate is produced by (a) reacting a structured silicate, whose cation is NH4+, H3O+, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, earth metal, and/or transition metal ion or a combination thereof, and whose anion of which is an island, ring, group, chain, band, layer or tectosilicate, or a combination thereof, in an aqueous dispersion with a low molecular weight organic cation; (b) adding to and intensively blending with the aqueous structured silicate dispersion a hydrophobic compound from the group of waxes and metal soaps in a quantity ranging from 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydrophobic salts of layer-like metal hydroxides, which are obtainable by adding to a layer-like metal hydroxide salt, which contains trivalent, divalent and optionally monovalent metal cations and one or more organic anions A of the formula (I) X—R—Y??(I), wherein X denotes hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfato or sulfo; Y denotes carboxyl, sulfato or sulfo, and R denotes an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, olefinic, cycloolefinic, heterocycloolefinic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, araliphatic or heteroaraliphatic radical having 2 to 50 C atoms, wherein one or more substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, halogen, C1-C22-alkyl, C1-C22-alkoxy, C1-C22-alkylene-(CO)—O—(CH2CH2O)0-50-alkyl, C1-C22-alkylene-(CO)—O—(CH2CH2O)0-50-haloalkyl, carboxyl, sulfo, nitro or cyano can be present, in dispersion, with intensive thorough mixing, one or more hydrophobic compounds from the group consisting of waxes and metal soaps in an amount of from 0.2 to 200 wt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of salt-like structured silicates, in which the cation is NH4+, H3O+, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, earth metal or transition metal ion or a low molecular weight organic cation or a combination thereof and the anion is an island, cyclic, group, chain, ribbon, laminar or matrix silicate or a combination thereof as charge control agents in electrophotographic toners and developers, in powder coatings, electret materials and in electrostatic separation processes.

Abstract: The dye base sulphate of formula (I) is produced with a residual amine content of less than 2000 ppm, as determined by HPLC, by precipitation of the dye base, made by Friedel-Crafts alkylation, substitution and hydrolysis, as the dye base sulphate and a) taken up in water and subjecting to a first steam distillation then filtered and optionally dried at 50 to 180° C., b) the pressed cake is treated with water or the optionally dried dye base sulphate is moistened with water, c) subjected to a further steam distillation and filtration and d) dried at 50 to 180° C.

Abstract: A layered double hydroxide salt as a charge control agent in electrophotographic toners and developers, in powder coating materials, electret materials and in electrostatic separation processes of chargeable materials, such as polymers, wherein the double hydroxide salt contains monovalent and/or divalent, and also trivalent, metal cations, and also contains organic anions A of the formulae (I) to (XXX) set forth in the specification.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of layered double hydroxide salts as charge control agents in electrophotographic toners and developers, in coating powders, electret materials and in electrostatic separation processes, characterized in that the double hydroxide salt contains monovalent and/or bivalent and even trivalent metal cations, in addition to one or several organic anions of formula X—R—Y (I), wherein X=hydroxy, carboxy, sulphato or sulpho; Y=carboxy, sulphato or sulpho, and R=a bivalent aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, olefinic, cycloolefinic, heterocycloolefinic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, araliphatic or heteroaraliphatic radical having at least 8 C atoms which can be substituted by one or several substituents from the group of hydroxy, amino, halogen, C1-C22-alkyl, C1-C22-alkoxy, carboxy, sulpho, nitro or cyano.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a CuPc composition consisting essentially of CuPc, e.g., C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, and a hydroxymethylphthalimido CuPc, as a colorant in electrophotographic toners and developers, powders and powder coating materials, electret materials, inkjet inks, and color filters, wherein the phthalocyanines have a particle morphology with an average length-to-width ratio of more than 2.5:1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a CuPc composition consisting essentially of CuPc, e.g., C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, and a hydroxymethylphthalimido CuPc, as a colorant in electrophotographic toners and developers, powders and powder coating materials, electret materials, inkjet inks, and color filters, wherein the phthalocyanines have a particle morphology with an average length-to-width ratio of more than 2.5:1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a CuPc composition consisting essentially of CuPc, e.g., C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, and a hydroxymethylphthalimido CuPc, as a colorant in electrophotographic toners and developers, powders and powder coating materials, electret materials, inkjet inks, and color filters, wherein the phthalocyanines have a particle morphology with an average length-to-width ratio of more than 2.5:1.

Abstract: Iron azo complex compounds of the formula (I) are used as charge control agents in electrophotographic toners and developers, in powder coating materials, electret materials and in electrostatic separation processes, in inkjet inks and in color filters.