Abstract: The disclosure provides a fuel formulation that, as a blending component, at a certain blending volume range, with transportation fuels significantly reduces criteria emissions (i.e., particle number (PN) emissions, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions, Total Hydrocarbon (THC) emissions) when compared to existing market fuels. The fuel blending component formulation comprises one or more branched alkane components, one or more cyclic alkane components, one or more alkylate component and one or more oxygenate component. The fuel blending component composition achieves reductions on a spark ignition engine (SI) of more than 60% in particulate emissions, up to 30% in NOx emissions, and up to 20% in THC emissions when blended with a reference gasoline in concentrations as low as 10% by volume. A method for reducing criteria emissions is also provided.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a fuel formulation that, as a blending component, at a certain blending volume range, with transportation fuels significantly reduces criteria emissions (i.e., particle number (PN) emissions, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions, Total Hydrocarbon (THC) emissions) when compared to existing market fuels. The fuel blending component formulation comprises one or more branched alkane components, one or more cyclic alkane components, one or more alkylate component and one or more oxygenate component. The fuel blending component composition achieves reductions on a spark ignition engine (SI) of more than 60% in particulate emissions, up to 30% in NOx emissions, and up to 20% in THC emissions when blended with a reference gasoline in concentrations as low as 10% by volume. A method for reducing criteria emissions is also provided.

Abstract: A method for treating exhaust gas emitted by an internal combustion engine (ICE) in a hybrid architected motor vehicle with an electric motor. The method includes disposing a heater in the exhaust, disposing a first Lean NOx Trap (LNT) downstream of the heater, disposing a second LNT downstream of the first LNT, disposing a passive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) downstream of the second LNT, disposing a hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst downstream of the SCR. The method also includes connecting a controller to the heater, the controller executes a method of controlling the NOx emissions of the ICE, the method includes monitoring a torque demand for the vehicle, determining if the torque demand is large enough to cause the ICE to generate excessive NOx, operating the ICE at a torque less than the torque demand, and operating the motor with the ICE to provide sufficient torque to satisfy the torque demand.

Abstract: A method for treating exhaust gas emitted by an internal combustion engine (ICE) in a hybrid architected motor vehicle with an electric motor. The method includes disposing a heater in the exhaust, disposing a first Lean NOx Trap (LNT) downstream of the heater, disposing a second LNT downstream of the first LNT, disposing a passive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) downstream of the second LNT, disposing a hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst downstream of the SCR. The method also includes connecting a controller to the heater, the controller executes a method of controlling the NOx emissions of the ICE, the method includes monitoring a torque demand for the vehicle, determining if the torque demand is large enough to cause the ICE to generate excessive NOx, operating the ICE at a torque less than the torque demand, and operating the motor with the ICE to provide sufficient torque to satisfy the torque demand.