Abstract: Disclosed is the unexpected finding that enantiomers of phenothiazines, preferably the (+) enantiomer of promethazine, are particularly effective in inhibiting the bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts, thus providing new uses and methods for reducing bone loss and, e.g., treating periodontitis and osteoporosis. The invention provides a range of such uses, methods, medicaments and associated compositions and kits.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical preparations adapted for mucosal delivery, preferably for nasal delivery, which can be easily and safely used over days to weeks with minimal side effects. The pharmaceutical preparations comprise microcapsules comprising at least one pharmaceutically active agent. The microcapsules provide controlled release of the pharmaceutically active agent. Cytotoxicity is avoided for cytotoxic pharmaceutically active agents and/or for cytotoxic dosages by one or more of the following: (a) manipulating the mucosal transport rate of the pharmaceutically active agent through the mucosal bodies to achieve a transport rate which is substantially the same as the controlled release rate, and/or (b) selecting only a most active and/or less cytotoxic enantiomer of the pharmaceutically active agent for use in the pharmaceutical preparation.