Abstract: An interworking device, method and system distribute reference timing between at least two communication networks. The interworking device includes a first communication interface operable to communicate with a first communication network operating using a first communication protocol and a second communication interface operable to communicate with a second communication network operating using a second communication protocol. The interworking device also includes a client generic framing procedure/optical transport network (“GFP/OTN”) mapping block in communication with the first communication interface and the second communication interface. The client GFP/OTN mapping block recovers a first reference timing signal from data received from the first communication network.

Abstract: An interworking device, method and system distribute reference timing between at least two communication networks. The interworking device includes a first communication interface operable to communicate with a first communication network operating using a first communication protocol and a second communication interface operable to communicate with a second communication network operating using a second communication protocol. The interworking device also includes a client generic framing procedure/optical transport network (“GFP/OTN”) mapping block in communication with the first communication interface and the second communication interface. The client GFP/OTN mapping block recovers a first reference timing signal from data received from the first communication network.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, the degree of timing misalignment between the data and clock paths in a RZ (return-to-zero) transmitter can be determined by converting a fraction of the optical output into the electrical domain with an ultra fast non-linear device, thereby squaring the optical peak power to provide a signal for controlling a phase change in the carrier. Using the same invention, the degree of timing misalignment between incoming optical pulses and an electronic signal fed to a modulator for demultiplexing can also be monitored and controlled in an optical time-division demultiplexing (OTDD) receiver.

Abstract: A method of providing direct communication between a pair of mobile stations over a single voice channel is disclosed, as well as a novel mobile station equipped with the capability to function in a so-called base-station-emulation (BSE) mode. A mobile switching center (MSC) first determines whether direct communication between two mobile stations is possible, by verifying that at least one of them can function in BSE mode. The MSC then establishes whether a clear radio link between the two mobile stations can be established and assigns a single voice channel for the conversation. In this way, the number of base station transceivers required to service a cell can be reduced. If the locations of the two mobile stations are known, feasibility of direct communication can be easily determined. Optionally, the MSC might order the two mobile stations to exchange modulated audio tones and report measured received signal strengths. Direct communication is then established subject to an evaluation by the MSC.

Abstract: A plurality of signals are mixed in a non-linear waveguide for generating a near field sum frequency output pattern. The near field output pattern is monitored for changes which correspond to changes in the phase relationship between the plurality of signals. A grating provides a mask through which the near field pattern may propagate. Detectors positioned above the grating at predetermined locations measure the intensity of the near field pattern and a change in the phase relationship between the input signals is determined from a change in the intensity of the near field output pattern.