Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mitochondrial proteins in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. The disclosure also provides compositions for detecting SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mitochondrial proteins in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in biological samples as well as compositions and methods useful for diagnosing, prognosing, and treating long COVID-19.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the biomarker as well as compositions and methods useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for vascular diseases. In particular, proteins of platelet-derived exosomes have been identified as biomarkers that can be used to detect platelet activation associated with pathogenesis of vascular diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The invention also provides compositions for detecting biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for treating vascular diseases.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to exosomal complement mediators, cytokines, and mitochondrial electron transport biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for depression, psychosis and schizophrenia. The disclosure also provides compositions for detecting exosomal complement mediators, cytokines, and mitochondrial electron transport biomarkers in biological samples as well as compositions and methods useful for treating depression, psychosis and schizophrenia.

Abstract: The present invention relates to plasma astrocyte-derived exosomal complement protein biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The invention also provides compositions for detecting plasma astrocyte-derived exosomal complement protein biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for treating traumatic brain injury.

Abstract: The present invention relates to astrocyte-derived exosomal complement protein biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for neurological disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). The invention also provides compositions for detecting astrocyte-derived exosomal complement protein biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for treating neurological disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease).

Abstract: The present invention relates to synaptic protein biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the synaptic protein biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for early diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides methods for detecting biomarkers in vesicles (e.g., exosomes) isolated from a biological sample.

Abstract: Combining presynaptic proteins, neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2) and neurexin 2? (NRXN2?), with respective postsynaptic functional partners GluA4-containing glutamate receptor (AMPA4) and neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), and enhancing excitatory synaptic activities in areas of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. As early damage of such excitatory circuits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with cognitive losses, plasma neuron-derived exosome (NDE) levels of these two pairs of synaptic proteins are quantified and serve as biomarkers. NDE contents of all four proteins decrease significantly in AD dementia and diminished levels of AMPA4 and NLGN1 correlate with the extent of cognitive losses. Prior to the onset of dementia, NDE levels of all but NPTX2 are significantly lower than those of matched control subjects and levels of all decline significantly with the development of dementia.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the biomarker as well as compositions and methods useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: wherein A, B and D are each oxygen or sulfur, provided that least one of A, B and D is sulfur; and R1-R8 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, acyl, substituted acyl, acyloxy, substituted acyloxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, substituted amino, halogen, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, or a thio-containing group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the biomarker as well as compositions and methods useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: Combining presynaptic proteins, neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2) and neurexin 2? (NRXN2?), with respective postsynaptic functional partners GluA4-containing glutamate receptor (AMPA4) and neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), and enhancing excitatory synaptic activities in areas of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. As early damage of such excitatory circuits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with cognitive losses, plasma neuron-derived exosome (NDE) levels of these two pairs of synaptic proteins are quantified and serve as biomarkers. NDE contents of all four proteins decrease significantly in AD dementia and diminished levels of AMPA4 and NLGN1 correlate with the extent of cognitive losses. Prior to the onset of dementia, NDE levels of all but NPTX2 are significantly lower than those of matched control subjects and levels of all decline significantly with the development of dementia.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for vascular diseases. In particular, proteins of platelet-derived exosomes have been identified as biomarkers that can be used to detect platelet activation associated with pathogenesis of vascular diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The invention also provides compositions for detecting biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for treating vascular diseases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the biomarker as well as compositions and methods useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the biomarker as well as compositions and methods useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: Non-invasive method for diagnosing or prognosing Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, or other dementia involving isolating astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) from a human biological sample (i.e., plasma, serum, urine or cerebrospinal fluid), analyzing cargo extracts of the ADEs and NDEs to detect at least one specified protein or microRNA biomarker, comparing the levels and activities of detected biomarker(s) to those in control samples to identify a statistically significant difference between the detected biomarker(s) and corresponding biomarker(s) in the control sample to determine presence of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, or other dementia; and testing effects of drugs on levels and activities of each biomarker, as well as effects of drugs administered to test subjects on levels and activities of each biomarker in ADEs and NDEs from subsequently obtained biological samples.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The invention also provides compositions for detecting the biomarker as well as compositions and methods useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: Non-invasive method for diagnosing or prognosing Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, or other dementia involving isolating astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) from a human biological sample (i.e., plasma, serum, urine or cerebrospinal fluid), analyzing cargo extracts of the ADEs and NDEs to detect at least one specified protein or microRNA biomarker, comparing the levels and activities of detected biomarker(s) to those in control samples to identify a statistically significant difference between the detected biomarker(s) and corresponding biomarker(s) in the control sample to determine presence of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, or other dementia; and testing effects of drugs on levels and activities of each biomarker, as well as effects of drugs administered to test subjects on levels and activities of each biomarker in ADEs and NDEs from subsequently obtained biological samples.

Abstract: A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: wherein A, B and D are each oxygen or sulfur, provided that least one of A, B and D is sulfur; and R1-R8 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, acyl, substituted acyl, acyloxy, substituted acyloxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, substituted amino, halogen, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, or a thio-containing group.

Abstract: A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: wherein A, B and D are each oxygen or sulfur, provided that least one of A, B and D is sulfur; and R1-R8 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, acyl, substituted acyl, acyloxy, substituted acyloxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, substituted amino, halogen, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, or a thio-containing group.