Abstract: A lead-acid battery grid made from a lead-based alloy containing tin, calcium, bismuth and copper and characterized by enhanced mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, less battery gassing, lower sulfation and water loss, and no post-casting treatment requirements for age hardening. In one embodiment, the battery grids are formed from a lead-based alloy including about 2.0% tin, about 0.0125% copper, about 0.065% calcium, and about 0.032% bismuth. Preferably, the battery grid is free of silver beyond trace levels in the alloy.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery grid made from a lead-based alloy containing tin, calcium, bismuth and copper and characterized by enhanced mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, less battery gassing, lower sulfation and water loss, and no post-casting treatment requirements for age hardening. In one embodiment, the battery grids are formed from a lead-based alloy including about 2.0% tin, about 0.0125% copper, about 0.065% calcium, and about 0.032% bismuth. Preferably, the battery grid is free of silver beyond trace levels in the alloy.

Abstract: A battery electrode design and a flat stack battery cell design preferably include structure and/or manufacturing steps whereby a battery electrode plate has a frame, and a grid-array of elements disposed interiorly of the frame. A first collector pole access channel is disposed interiorly of the frame and orthogonal with respect to the grid-array of elements, and a second collector pole access channel is also disposed interiorly of the frame and orthogonal with respect to the grid-array of elements. Preferably, the collector pole access channels are made by hole-punching lead slugs integrally disposed in the grid-array. Preferably, the electrode plates are a standard size, and may be disposed in a common jar; thus, the battery capacity is determined by the number of electrode plates in the jar, the jar being trimmed per the number of electrode plates.

Abstract: Sealed lead-acid cells and batteries include an expandable cover capable of accommodating the grid growth which occurs in service, the expandable cover comprises a first region which expands outwardly toward a second region and a flange which defines the terminal opening, and the cells or batteries include a terminal cover sealing assembly comprising inner-and outer-cell sealing members which together form an annulus in which the flange is seated and retain one or both include resilient seals such as an O-ring that provide a terminal-cover seal.