Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of treating age-related retinal diseases by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) inhibitor and/or a PNPase purine nucleoside substrate. In some examples, the subject can have AMD or glaucoma.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for improving exosome production or stimulating exosome secretion by cells. The methods comprise inhibiting at least one step of the glycolytic pathway by contacting the cells with at least one glycolytic inhibitor and/or inhibiting mitochondrial function by contacting the cells with at least one inhibitor of mitochondrial function.

Abstract: Methods of treating bladder or urethra dysfunction or disease in a subject and methods of increasing bladder smooth muscle contractility or increasing bladder wall volume in a subject are disclosed. In some examples, a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) inhibitor or purine nucleoside substrate is administered, such as 8-aminoguanine or forodesine.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods of reducing adhesion formation in a subject, for example, post-surgical abdominal and pelvic adhesions. The methods include the step of administering to the subject in need thereof a compound chosen from 2?,3?-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, analogs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, able to reduce the formation of adhesions in a subject as compared to adenosine monophosphate, in an amount effective to reduce adhesions.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods of reducing adhesion formation in a subject, for example, post-surgical abdominal and pelvic adhesions. The methods comprise administering to the subject a compound chosen from one or both of 2?,3? cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or an analogue or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, able to reduce the formation of adhesions in a subject as compared to adenosine monophosphate, wherein the 2?,3? cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or analogue or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the subject in an amount effective to reduce adhesions in the subject.