Abstract: A respiration information obtaining apparatus includes: a light emitter configured to emit a first light including a first wavelength and a second light including a second wavelength different from the first wavelength; a light detector that outputs a first signal and a second signal respectively corresponding to an intensity of the first light and an intensity of the second light after an interaction with a tissue of a subject, and a processor that calculates an index value based on a ratio between the first signal and the second signal, and obtains respiration information of the subject based on a change over time in the index value.

Abstract: A low light cultivation method for cultivating a plant under low light conditions while giving a plant growth promoting agent to the plant, is provided. The plant growth promoting agent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid.

Abstract: To provide a method for processing cylinder peripheries, capable of highly precise, stable transfer; a process for producing a development roller and a photoconductor drum; and the development roller and the photoconductor drum produced by the process. Asperities formed on a die are transferred to a metallic glass film formed on the periphery of a cylindrical column-shaped or cylindrical tube-shaped core of a roller by: heating the metallic glass film to turn into a viscous fluid; and rotating or rolling the roller while the metallic glass film is pressed against the die having the asperities. The metallic glass film is formed by, for example, thermal-spraying a metallic glass in a liquid state onto the periphery of the core.