Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, a second irradiation process includes forming a first modified region at a first distance from a second surface in a thickness direction of a sapphire substrate, forming a second modified region at a second distance from the second surface in the thickness direction, the second distance being less than the first distance, the second modified region being shifted in a first direction from the first modified region, and forming a third modified region at a third distance from the second surface in the thickness direction, the third distance being less than the second distance, the third modified region overlapping the first modified region in a top-view. In the thickness direction of the sapphire substrate, a greater number of modified regions that include second modified portions are formed than modified regions that include first modified portions.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, a second irradiation process includes forming a first modified region at a first distance from a second surface in a thickness direction of a sapphire substrate, forming a second modified region at a second distance from the second surface in the thickness direction, the second distance being less than the first distance, the second modified region being shifted in a first direction from the first modified region, and forming a third modified region at a third distance from the second surface in the thickness direction, the third distance being less than the second distance, the third modified region overlapping the first modified region in a top-view. In the thickness direction of the sapphire substrate, a greater number of modified regions that include second modified portions are formed than modified regions that include first modified portions.

Abstract: Intermediate compounds (formula [III]and [IV]) useful as starting materials for the synthesis of amino acid derivatives which have renin inhibitory activity and which are useful as remedies for hypertension are prepared stereoselectively in high yield, without requiring complicated process steps. In this method, by reaction of .alpha.-amino aldehyde derivative [I] and compound [II] in the presence of BF.sub.3.OEt.sub.2, as shown in the following reaction formula, .alpha.-amino-.beta.-hydroxy-.delta.-ketone derivative [III] is prepared, and furthermore, by reducing it as required, compound [IV] is obtained: ##STR1## (where R.sup.1 is a protective group on the amino group, R.sup.2 is a lower alkyl group which may be branched, and R.sup.4 is a cyclohexyl group or phenyl group).