Abstract: The node includes a first input terminal, a second input terminal, a first sample and hold circuit, and a first output terminal. The first input terminal is configured to be connectable to an input source for transmitting an input signal to a reservoir device. The second input terminal is configured to be connectable to at least one other node. A first terminal of the first sample and hold circuit is connected to the first input terminal and the second input terminal. A second terminal of the first sample and hold circuit is connected to the first output terminal. The first output terminal is configured to be connectable to at least one other node. The first sample and hold circuit holds and converts a joined signal of the input signal and a propagated signal from the second input terminal.

Abstract: A filter element includes a bundle of hollow fiber type separation membranes made of a natural or synthetic macromolecular material and a sealed part made of a thermoplastic resin. The bundle has an opening in at least one terminal part thereof. The sealed part is bonded to the bundle at a temperature not higher than the melting or decomposing temperature of the macromolecular material and adapted to seal watertightly the opening of the bundle in a half-bonded state showing no compatibility with the macromolecular material and permitting persistence of the mutual interface of bondage.