Abstract: This invention is directed to systems, compositions, and methods of producing food.

Abstract: A method and reactor for a hybrid thermo-electrochemical cycle using a layered reactive element is disclosed. The method includes heating the reactive element with a heat source, the reactive element having a metal oxide core that is redox-active, an outer layer, and an ion conductor layer between the core and the outer layer. The method includes increasing a chemical potential of oxygen in the core, driving O2? ions out as O2, the chemical potential increased through applying a first bias voltage between the core and the outer layer. The method includes exposing the reactive element to an input gas, and decreasing the chemical potential of oxygen in the core, driving oxygen from the input gas into the core leaving a gas product, the chemical potential decreased through applying a second bias voltage between the core and the outer layer. The first and second bias voltages have opposite polarity.