Abstract: A redox flow battery (“CRB”) performs as an energy storage system and has a negative electrode that directly utilizes CO2 in the battery charge step as an active species instead of metals. The CRB also has a positive electrode utilizing a metallic or non-metallic redox species, and a cation exchange membrane in between the negative and positive electrodes. The negative electrode comprises a porous base layer, a porous intermediate layer containing a metal oxide and a bi-functional catalyst layer for electrochemical reduction of CO2 or carbonate to formate and for formate oxidation to either carbonate or CO2. The bi-functional catalyst can be a PdSn based catalyst, such as PdSn, PdSnIn, and PdSnPb. The metal oxide in the intermediate layer acts as a catalyst support and can be a non-Platinum group metal (PGM) oxide, such as LaCoO3 or LaNiO3.

Abstract: This invention is a method and apparatus for operating electrochemical reactors with multi-phase feeds, in which a liquid feed stream is dispersed in a second fluid to form a spray, mist or emulsion before entering the reaction zone. The invention is applicable to both electro-synthesis and fuel cell reactors, with particular utility in mixed-reactant fuel cells.

Abstract: A mixed reactant fuel cell (MRFC) including a MRFC-optimized electrocatalyst utilizing a combination of selective catalysts and selective fuel distributors.

Abstract: A mixed reactant fuel cell (MRFC) including a MRFC-optimized electrocatalyst utilizing a combination of selective catalysts and selective fuel distributors.

Abstract: A current collector of a battery includes a reticulated substrate having a circuitous network of pores and a metal applied to at least a portion of the reticulated substrate. The reticulated substrate may be a non-metal foam substrate, such as, for example, a carbon foam substrate, a reticulated vitreous carbon substrate or a graphite foam substrate.

Abstract: A method of producing a battery electrode having a non-lead reticulated substrate defining a circuitous network of pores, such as, for example, a carbon foam or an aluminum foam, includes applying a conductive material to at least a portion of the reticulated substrate and applying an active material to at least a portion of the reticulated substrate.

Abstract: A battery, a battery electrode structure, and methods to make the same. The product and method comprise applying a layer of lead-tin containing alloy to substrates for anodes or cathodes for lead-acid batteries, in which the substrates are porous or reticulated.

Abstract: A battery, a battery electrode structure, and methods to make the same. The product and method comprise applying a layer of lead-tin containing alloy to substrates for anodes or cathodes for lead-acid batteries, in which the substrates are porous or reticulated.