Abstract: A display element comprising at least two conductive porous layers and a conductive liquid, the conductive porous layers comprising a plurality of connected conductive particles insulated from the conductive liquid by a dielectric and lyophobic covering, and means for separately connecting a voltage across the at least two porous layers and the liquid such that on sequential application of a voltage to each conductive layer the liquid is displaced from one location to another location, the liquid only returning to the original location upon alternate sequential application of a voltage.

Abstract: A display element comprising a single layer of porous material and a discrete drop of liquid. Application of a voltage between the liquid and the layer causes movement of the liquid and consequential optical changes to the element.