Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for applying energy to a target tissue or cell are described herein. These methods and apparatuses may use one or more pairs of stimulating electrodes and a dedicated ground electrode to locally apply energy to a target tissue or cell at or adjacent the dedicated ground electrode.

Abstract: A collapsible dolly assembly includes a pair of frames that are each selectively urged between a deployed position and a collapsed position. A pair of rear wheels is rotatably coupled to the frame to roll along a support surface. A pair of front wheels is rotatably coupled to the frame to roll along the support surface. A dolly is hingedly coupled to the frame to support an object thereby facilitating the object to be transported along the support surface. A pair of skid units is movably coupled to an associated one of the frames. Each of the skid units is selectively positioned in a deployed position. In this way each of the skid units frictionally engages a staircase thereby facilitating the object to be urged upwardly and downwardly along the staircase. A braking unit is movably coupled to the frame to selectively engage the staircase when the skid unit is positioned in the deployed position. Thus, the braking unit retains the object at a selected point along the staircase.

Abstract: A collapsible dolly assembly includes a pair of frames that are each selectively urged between a deployed position and a collapsed position. A pair of rear wheels is rotatably coupled to the frame to roll along a support surface. A pair of front wheels is rotatably coupled to the frame to roll along the support surface. A dolly is hingedly coupled to the frame to support an object thereby facilitating the object to be transported along the support surface. A pair of skid units is movably coupled to an associated one of the frames. Each of the skid units is selectively positioned in a deployed position. In this way each of the skid units frictionally engages a staircase thereby facilitating the object to be urged upwardly and downwardly along the staircase. A braking unit is movably coupled to the frame to selectively engage the staircase when the skid unit is positioned in the deployed position. Thus, the braking unit retains the object at a selected point along the staircase.

Abstract: Disclosed is a protein, designated RIP, which contains a death domain at its carboxy terminus and a kinase domain at its amino terminus. RIP interacts with the Fas/APO-1 intracellular domain and the TNFR1 intracellular domain. When expressed in transformed host cells, recombinant RIP promotes apoptosis. Also disclosed are DNA molecules encoding RIP, anti-RIP antibodies, and screening methods for discovering inhibitors of RIP-dependent apoptosis.