Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods, compositions, devices, systems and uses that pertain to the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. The application presents a class of electrodes, incorporating molecular catalysts in nanostructures, for robust and efficient electrochemical systems, specifically, selective and robust hybrid electrodes, by incorporating a rhenium (Re) catalyst into the structure of highly porous heterogeneous materials. These electrodes can be scaled up to desired manufacturing dimensions due to their robust nature and methods of preparation.

Abstract: In an aspect, a redox flow battery comprises a catholyte and an anolyte; wherein at least one of said catholyte and said anolyte is a metal-coordination complex, said metal-coordination complex comprising: (i) a metal; (ii) one or more first ligands coordinated with said metal atom, wherein each of said first ligands is independently a Lewis basic ligand; and one or more second ligands associated with said one or more first ligands, wherein each of said second ligands is independently a Lewis acid ligand; and a nonaqueous solvent, wherein said catholyte, said anolyte or both are dissolved in said nonaqueous solvent. One or more first ligands may be provided in a primary coordination sphere of said metal-coordination complex and one or more second ligands may be provided in a secondary coordination sphere of said metal-coordination complex.

Abstract: In an aspect, a redox flow battery comprises a catholyte and an anolyte; wherein at least one of said catholyte and said anolyte is a metal-coordination complex, said metal-coordination complex comprising: (i) a metal; (ii) one or more first ligands coordinated with said metal atom, wherein each of said first ligands is independently a Lewis basic ligand; and one or more second ligands associated with said one or more first ligands, wherein each of said second ligands is independently a Lewis acid ligand; and a nonaqueous solvent, wherein said catholyte, said anolyte or both are dissolved in said nonaqueous solvent. One or more first ligands may be provided in a primary coordination sphere of said metal-coordination complex and one or more second ligands may be provided in a secondary coordination sphere of said metal-coordination complex.