Abstract: N-vinylformamide is polymerized with or without other water-soluble monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and with or without water-insoluble monoethylenically unsaturated monomers in not less than 30% strength by weight aqueous monomer solutions in the presence of a polymerization initiator at not more than 150.degree. C. in a kneader by a method in which the polymerization is carried out to such an extent that the initially formed water-containing polymer gel disintegrates into fine particles and the finely divided polymer obtainable in this manner is hydrolyzed, preferably in the kneader, so that not less than 0.1 mol % of the N-vinylformamide units present in the polymer are converted into vinylamine units. The polymers obtainable in this manner dissolve readily in water. The aqueous solutions are used, for example, in papermaking and tertiary oil production.

Abstract: Paper, board and cardboard are produced by draining a paper stock in the presence of a nonhydrolyzed copolymer which contains, as polymerized units,(a) from 99 to 1 mol % of N-vinylformamide and(b) from 1 to 99 mol % of one or more water-soluble basic monomers of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2 H.sub.5, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each H, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2 H.sub.5 or (--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O--).sub.n H, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkyl, A is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylene, n is from 1 to 6 and Y.sup..crclbar. is an anion, in an amount of from 0.01 to 3.5% by weight, based on dry paper stock.

Abstract: Acyl chlorides of the general formula ##STR1## where R is C.sub.8 -C.sub.30 -alkyl, C.sub.8 -C.sub.30 -alkenyl or C.sub.8 -C.sub.30 -alkynyl, are prepared from a carboxylic acid of the general formula II ##STR2## where R has the abovementioned meanings, and phosgene, COCl.sub.2 (III), in the presence of a catalyst adduct of phosgene and N,N-dialkylformamide of the general formula IV ##STR3## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, preferably a 1:1 adduct in excess N,N-dialkylformamide, the reaction product I being obtained by phase separation, by a process in which II and III are used in essentially equimolar amounts and the phase containing the catalyst adduct is reused.

Abstract: Stable water-in-oil emulsions of a hydrolyzed polymer of an N-vinylamide of the formula ##STR1## where R and R.sup.1 are each H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, are prepared by polymerizing a compound of the formula I, alone or as a mixture with other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion to give a water-in-oil polymer emulsion, and then hydrolyzing the polymer, hydrolysis of the polymer in the form of the water-in-oil polymer emulsion being carried out in the presence of an acid or base, and additives in the form of antioxidants, reducing agents or aldehyde acceptors being added for stabilization.

Abstract: Paper, board and cardboard are produced from paper stocks containing foreign substances by drainage in the presence of a polymer which contains, as typical polymerized constituents, units of the formulae ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, and which have K values of not less than 130, the polymers containing less than 10 mol % of units of the formula II.

Abstract: Stable water-in-oil emulsions of hydrolyzed polymers of N-vinylamides of the formula ##STR1## where R and R.sup.1 are each H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl are prepared by polymerization of a compound of the formula I alone or as a mixture with other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion, to give a water-in-oil polymer emulsion, and subsequent hydrolysis of the polymer, by a process in which hydrolysis of the polymer in the form of the water-in-oil polymer emulsion is carried out in the presence of an acid or base and of from 1 to 30% by weight, based on the polymer, of an emulsifier which is obtainable by(A) reacting a C.sub.10 -C.sub.22 -fatty alcohol with epichlorohydrin in a molar ratio of from 1:0.5 to 1:1.5 to give a glycidyl ether,(B) reacting the glycidyl ether with (1) a saturated C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alcohol containing from 2 to 6 OH groups or (2) its monoether with a C.sub.10 -C.sub.22 -fatty alcohol, in a molar ratio of glycidyl ether to (1) or (2) of from 1:0.

Abstract: Carbonyl halides of the general formula I ##STR1## where R is an organic radical of more than 7 carbon atoms and X is chlorine or bromine, are prepared by reacting carboxylic acids of the general formula II ##STR2## where R has the abovementioned meaning, with phosphorus chlorides or bromides by treating these reaction mixtures with carboxamide/hydrochloride or hydrobromide mixtures which are not homogeneously miscible with the carbonyl halides I and then separating off the carboxamide hydrochloride or hydrobromide phase.

Abstract: Engine sizes for paper are based on aqueous emulsions of C.sub.14 -C.sub.20 -alkyl diketenes and cationic copolymers of(a) from 40 to 99% by weight of acrylamide and/or methacrylamide,(b) from 1 to 40% by weight of an unsubstituted or substituted N-vinylimidazoline and(c) from 0 to 30% by weight of an unsubstituted or substituted N-vinylimidazole.