Abstract: The surface of an implantable, porous stimulating electrode particularly intended for use in pacemakers is provided with a thin coating of a hydrophilic polymer in which is embedded an anti-inflammatory steroid. The electrode reduces the postoperative increase in the stimulation threshold, as well as the growth of connective tissue, without any reduction in capacitance.

Abstract: An implantable electrode, particularly a stimulation electrode, in which the electrode head consists of vitreous carbon which is preferably surface activated.

Abstract: An implantable electrode, particularly a stimulation electrode, in which the electrode head consists of vitreous carbon which is preferably surface activated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing medical instrument with a sequence of method steps performed in a single apparatus. The method steps include precleaning the instruments in a container containing a first fluid bath subjected to ultrasonic energy, subsequently emptying the first fluid bath from the container and replacing it with a second fluid bath containing a cleaning agent and a sodium chloride, fine cleaning and disinfecting the instruments by subjecting the second bath to ultrasonic energy and circulating the second bath through an electrolytic cell having a voltage applied to the electrodes to create anotic oxidation, then emptying the second bath and replacing it with a rinse bath, rinsing instruments while subjecting the rinse bath to an ultrasonic energy and circulating the bath through the electrolytic cell subsequently emptying the rinse bath, and drying the instruments by means of heated air.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the manufacture of implantable electrodes of vitreous carbon with an electrode head and an electrode stem, by pyrolysis of cross-linked synthetic resins. Electrodes manufactured in accordance with such a method exhibit high surface quality. In accordance with embodiments of the disclosure, the electrode stem is manufactured in the form of a blank by hardening a resin precondensate, then the electrode head is cast onto the blank in a casting mold, using a resin precondensate, and is cross-linked. Subsequently hardening takes place and then the synthetic resin is converted into vitreous carbon by pyrolysis, and the electrode obtained in this manner may, if desired, be activated to provide the electrode with a microporous surface structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the indirect oxidation of urea by means of an electrochemical cell having two electrodes, to which an aqueous chloride-containing urea solution is supplied, and has as its object the provision of a method such that the urea is removed from the solution as completely as possible, without further changes occurring in the solution. According to the invention, the cell is divided for that purpose by an ion-conducting membrane into two spaces, one of which contains the anode and the other the cathode, and the solution is supplied first to the anode space and then to the cathode space. The method according to the invention serves in particular for extra-corporal blood purification.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical capacitor with electrodes of activated carbon. Such a capacitor is to be improved in the sense that the electrodes are mechanically stable and also exhibit a large capacity per unit of area. To this end, the invention provides electrodes which consist of glass carbon activated in concentrated sulfuric acid at temperatures of up to about 330.degree. C. The electrochemical capacitor according to the invention is suitable for use in electric circuits.

Abstract: The invention relates to an implantable carbon electrode. With such an electrode, the energy loss -- occurring after the implantation -- is to be largely avoided and also thrombus formation prevented. For this purpose the invention provides a smooth coating of hydrophilic ion conducting plastic for the electrode, comprising at least on the surface thereof, body and/or blood compatible material. The carbon electrode according to the invention serves in particular as a stimulus electrode, preferably in cardiac pacemakers.