Abstract: An exemplary optical sensor element for use in an optical sample analyzing apparatus, includes a housing that includes at least one optical sensor component. A housing body and a housing lid are removably connected to the housing body so that in an assembled state, the housing body and the housing lid form a fluid-tight housing. The housing lid is equipped with replaceable moisture control elements.

Abstract: An exemplary optical sensor element for use in an optical sample analyzing apparatus, includes a housing that includes at least one optical sensor component. A housing body and a housing lid are removably connected to the housing body so that in an assembled state, the housing body and the housing lid form a fluid-tight housing. The housing lid is equipped with replaceable moisture control elements.

Abstract: A chemical analysis apparatus is disclosed as having a liquid flow train assembly for creating a flowing liquid sample stream guided from a sample inlet through the apparatus in a capillary tubing arrangement at low liquid flow rates, the sample containing an analyte to be measured; a reagents dosing and injection device located downstream the sample inlet for introducing a series of chemical reagents into the sample stream; a reactor where the reagents react with the analyte for producing a colored chemical indicator in the fully reacted sample; and a detection for measuring the chemical indicator, located downstream of the reactor means and being configured to receive the fully reacted sample with the colored indicator from the reactor means. The flow train assembly can intermittently let the fully reacted sample pass through the detector when the measurement of the indicator is not made, and to bypass the detector when the measurement of the chemical indicator in the sample is made.

Abstract: Electrochemical heavy metal analysis includes a printed electrode having a layer of a mercury compound or salt supported thereon. The compound or salt is reduced to metallic mercury in use of the electrode. The mercury layer may comprise a layer of hydroxyethyl cellulose or other permeable polymer.

Abstract: An electrochemical biosensor comprising a conductive support member (2) mounted on a substrate (1) and carbon pads (4) overlying the conductors (2) and surmounted by working electrode and reference electrode pads (5) and (6). A membrane (8) applied over the electrodes incorporates a quantity of mediator to facilitate repeated use of the biosensor.