Abstract: A fluid treatment apparatus is constructed from at least one electrochemical cell including a bipolar ion exchange membrane and having a single output orifice to deliver treated fluid. The apparatus may employ a power supply transformer featuring a magnetic dispersion bridge to regulate the magnetic flux to secondary coils, thereby limiting the current delivered to the load and protecting the apparatus from over-current damage. The cell includes a membrane assembly which incorporates both the inner and outer electrodes to provide repeatable assembly and service, as well as reliable performance. The apparatus will provide continuous fluid treatment when designed with at least two stages, each stage including at least one cell, in which one stage is treating influent solution and another stage is regenerating.

Abstract: A fluid treatment apparatus is constructed from at least one electrochemical cell including a bipolar ion exchange membrane and having a single output orifice to deliver treated fluid. The apparatus may employ a power supply transformer featuring a magnetic dispersion bridge to regulate the magnetic flux to secondary coils, thereby limiting the current delivered to the load and protecting the apparatus from over-current damage. The cell includes a membrane assembly which incorporates both the inner and outer electrodes to provide repeatable assembly and service, as well as reliable performance. The apparatus will provide continuous fluid treatment when designed with at least two stages, each stage including at least one cell, in which one stage is treating influent solution and another stage is regenerating.

Abstract: An anti-scale electrochemical apparatus comprises at least one ion exchange cell, each cell comprising a housing having a plurality of openings to receive and release a water stream, inner and outer electrodes in the housing, and a water-splitting membrane between the inner and outer electrodes to treat an influent water stream to form an effluent water stream. A controlled-release scale-inhibitor composite comprising a scale-inhibitor agent and a polymer, is provided in the housing or in the water flow pathway of the electrochemical apparatus. An anti-scale, water splitting ion exchange membrane was also fabricated.

Abstract: An anti-scale electrochemical apparatus comprises at least one ion exchange cell, each cell comprising a housing having a plurality of openings to receive and release a water stream, inner and outer electrodes in the housing, and a water-splitting membrane between the inner and outer electrodes to treat an influent water stream to form an effluent water stream. A controlled-release scale-inhibitor composite comprising a scale-inhibitor agent and a polymer, is provided in the housing or in the water flow pathway of the electrochemical apparatus. An anti-scale, water splitting ion exchange membrane was also fabricated.

Abstract: A fluid treatment apparatus comprises an electrochemical cell having fluid orifices to receive input fluid and release output fluid, the input fluid having a first level of a microorganism. First and second electrodes are about a water-splitting membrane in the electrochemical cell. A valve controls the flow of fluid through fluid orifices of the electrochemical cell. A power supply supplies a current to the first and second electrodes. A control module comprises program code to operate the valve to flow the input fluid into a fluid orifice of the electrochemical cell and provide a residence time of the fluid in the cell of at least 0.05 minutes, while controlling the power supply to supply to the first and second electrodes, a current having a current density of from about 0.01 to about 20 mA/cm2.

Abstract: A fluid treatment apparatus comprises an electrochemical cell having fluid orifices to receive input fluid and release output fluid, the input fluid having a first level of a microorganism. First and second electrodes are about a water-splitting membrane in the electrochemical cell. A valve controls the flow of fluid through fluid orifices of the electrochemical cell. A power supply supplies a current to the first and second electrodes. A control module comprises program code to operate the valve to flow the input fluid into a fluid orifice of the electrochemical cell and provide a residence time of the fluid in the cell of at least 0.05 minutes, while controlling the power supply to supply to the first and second electrodes, a current having a current density of from about 0.01 to about 20 mA/cm2.

Abstract: A fluid treatment apparatus for treating a fluid comprises an electrochemical cell having fluid orifices to receive and release fluid, and a fluid passageway connecting the orifices with a water-splitting ion exchange membrane is exposed to the fluid in the passageway. First and second electrodes are positioned about the membrane. The apparatus also comprises a controller to control and operate a power supply and valve system. The power supply supplies a current to the first and second electrodes at sufficiently high current density to result in bacteriostasis, deactivation, or a reduction in the microorganisms in the fluid. The controller can also operate a set of cells to deionize fluid and regenerate the cells.

Abstract: An electrical interconnection device including an electrical element and a sealing member sealed within a body. The body is constructed of a first section and a second section bonded together to form an enclosure for retaining the electrical element and sealing member. Sealed passageways extend from the sealing member to the electrical element. Substrates are inserted through the sealing member into the passageways for connection to the electrical element.