Abstract: A helmet liner adapted to be conformed to an inner surface of a helmet to cushion in use the rear of a wearers head from the helmet is described. The liner comprises a plurality of elongate grooves comprising at least one longitudinal groove configured to extend in use along a longitudinal direction between the nape of a wearers neck and the crown of the wearers head, and at least one lateral groove adapted to extend in use at least partially around the head of the wearer in a lateral direction between the wearers ears. The at least one longitudinal groove is deeper than the at least one lateral groove.

Abstract: A helmet liner adapted to be conformed to an inner surface of a helmet to cushion in use the rear of a wearers head from the helmet is described. The liner comprises a plurality of elongate grooves comprising at least one longitudinal groove configured to extend in use along a longitudinal direction between the nape of a wearers neck and the crown of the wearers head, and at least one lateral groove adapted to extend in use at least partially around the head of the wearer in a lateral direction between the wearers ears. The at least one longitudinal groove is deeper than the at least one lateral groove.

Abstract: There is provided a pad (17) for attachment to a textile by heating, the pad comprising a body (3) comprising an elastic, energy absorbent material, which exhibits a resistive load under deformation which increases with the rate of deformation, the body having a first surface (7) and an opposing second surface (21), and a layer of heat sensitive adhesive (5) at least partially covering the first surface of the body and being bonded to the first surface, at least at the periphery thereof, so that the pad may be attached to a textile by heating.

Abstract: A system and method of calculating under changing conditions in real-time aerodynamic drag acting on a rider on a vehicle. A computer receives a signal indicative of a force of the vehicle on the rider from at least one force sensor located at or near at least one point of contact between the rider and the vehicle. The computer determines aerodynamic drag acting on the rider on the vehicle from the received signal. These steps are repeated under changing conditions.

Abstract: A system and method of calculating under changing conditions in real-time aerodynamic drag acting on a rider on a vehicle. A computer receives a signal indicative of a force of the vehicle on the rider from at least one force sensor located at or near at least one point of contact between the rider and the vehicle. The computer determines aerodynamic drag acting on the rider on the vehicle from the received signal. These steps are repeated under changing conditions.