Abstract: Methods and apparatus for sensing or measuring an electromagnetic field. The method entails excitation into a distribution of Rydberg states of atoms of a gas occupying a test volume coextensive with the electromagnetic field. Transmission along a path traversing the test volume of at least one probe beam of electromagnetic radiation is measured at one or more frequencies overlapping a spectral feature, and a physical characteristic of the electromagnetic field is derived on the basis of variation of the spectral feature. In various embodiments, the electromagnetic field may be place in interferometric relation with another electromagnetic field. Time-varying electric field amplitude, frequency, phase and noise spectral distribution may be measured, and thus AM and FM modulated fields, as well as magnetic fields of about 1 Tesla. The apparatus for measuring the electromagnetic field may be unilaterally coupled to a probe field and detector or array of detectors.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for sensing or measuring an electromagnetic field. The method entails excitation into a distribution of Rydberg states of atoms of a gas occupying a test volume coextensive with the electromagnetic field. Transmission along a path traversing the test volume of at least one probe beam of electromagnetic radiation is measured at one or more frequencies overlapping a spectral feature, and a physical characteristic of the electromagnetic field is derived on the basis of variation of the spectral feature. In various embodiments, the electromagnetic field may be place in interferometric relation with another electromagnetic field. Time-varying electric field amplitude, frequency, phase and noise spectral distribution may be measured, and thus AM and FM modulated fields, as well as magnetic fields of about 1 Tesla. The apparatus for measuring the electromagnetic field may be unilaterally coupled to a probe field and detector or array of detectors.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for sensing or measuring an electromagnetic field. The method entails excitation into a distribution of Rydberg states of atoms of a gas occupying a test volume coextensive with the electromagnetic field. Transmission along a path traversing the test volume of at least one probe beam of electromagnetic radiation is measured at one or more frequencies overlapping a spectral feature, and a physical characteristic of the electromagnetic field is derived on the basis of variation of the spectral feature. In various embodiments, the electromagnetic field may be place in interferometric relation with another electromagnetic field. Time-varying electric field amplitude, frequency, phase and noise spectral distribution may be measured, and thus AM and FM modulated fields, as well as magnetic fields of about 1 Tesla. The apparatus for measuring the electromagnetic field may be unilaterally coupled to a probe field and detector or array of detectors.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for sensing or measuring an electromagnetic field. The method entails excitation into a distribution of Rydberg states of atoms of a gas occupying a test volume coextensive with the electromagnetic field. Transmission along a path traversing the test volume of at least one probe beam of electromagnetic radiation is measured at one or more frequencies overlapping a spectral feature, and a physical characteristic of the electromagnetic field is derived on the basis of variation of the spectral feature. In various embodiments, the electromagnetic field may be place in interferometric relation with another electromagnetic field. Time-varying electric field amplitude, frequency, phase and noise spectral distribution may be measured, and thus AM and FM modulated fields, as well as magnetic fields of about 1 Tesla. The apparatus for measuring the electromagnetic field may be unilaterally coupled to a probe field and detector or array of detectors.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for sensing or measuring an electromagnetic field. The method entails excitation into a distribution of Rydberg states of atoms of a gas occupying a test volume coextensive with the electromagnetic field. Transmission along a path traversing the test volume of at least one probe beam of electromagnetic radiation is measured at one or more frequencies overlapping a spectral feature, and a physical characteristic of the electromagnetic field is derived on the basis of variation of the spectral feature. In various embodiments, the electromagnetic field may be place in interferometric relation with another electromagnetic field. Time-varying electric field amplitude, frequency, phase and noise spectral distribution may be measured, and thus AM and FM modulated fields, as well as magnetic fields of about 1 Tesla. The apparatus for measuring the electromagnetic field may be unilaterally coupled to a probe field and detector or array of detectors.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for sensing or measuring an electromagnetic field. The method entails excitation into a distribution of Rydberg states of atoms of a gas occupying a test volume coextensive with the electromagnetic field. Transmission along a path traversing the test volume of at least one probe beam of electromagnetic radiation is measured at one or more frequencies overlapping a spectral feature, and a physical characteristic of the electromagnetic field is derived on the basis of variation of the spectral feature. In various embodiments, the electromagnetic field may be place in interferometric relation with another electromagnetic field. Time-varying electric field amplitude, frequency, phase and noise spectral distribution may be measured, and thus AM and FM modulated fields, as well as magnetic fields of about 1 Tesla. The apparatus for measuring the electromagnetic field may be unilaterally coupled to a probe field and detector or array of detectors.