Abstract: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) device to perform accurate label-free long-read DNA sequencing. A Raman sensor has a hot spot defined by plasmonic nanostructures and excited by at least one laser. An immobilized DNA polymerase can be used to pull a DNA template strand to be sequenced through the hot spot.

Abstract: Nucleotides are provided with at least one isotope. The isotope-modified nucleotides can be used for data storage, increasing the data density compared to only natural nucleotides. Described is a method of storing data on a DNA strand, the method comprising providing a DNA strand having at least one isotope-modified nucleotide comprising at least one isotope of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, assigning a bit pattern to the at least one isotope-modified nucleotide that is different than a bit pattern assigned to a non-isotope-modified nucleotide. Data could be stored on any molecule that can be isotope-modified.

Abstract: Methods of encoding data in a DNA strand or an RNA strand. In one method, a first nucleotide has a first bit pattern assigned thereto, and a second modified nucleotide has a second bit pattern assigned thereto different than the first bit pattern. The second modified nucleotide is different from the first nucleotide in that the second nucleotide is either isotope-modified, comprising at least one isotope of one of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, or otherwise-modified, such as with a different atom in a cyclic position or with a ligated metal ion or atom. Data, in the form of bits, can be stored on any molecule that can be isotope- or otherwise modified.

Abstract: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) device to perform accurate label-free long-read DNA sequencing. A Raman sensor has a hot spot defined by plasmonic nanostructures and excited by at least one laser. An immobilized DNA polymerase can be used to pull a DNA template strand to be sequenced through the hot spot.