Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing para-hydroxycinnamic acid from para-hydroxybenzaldehydes by reaction with malonic acid in the presence of at least one of an amino acid and acetic acid. The process may include a condensation reaction between a para-hydroxybenzaldehyde compound with malonic acid in the presence of at least one of an amino acid and acetic acid.

Abstract: A device for protecting an electronic equipment item, configured to limit the electric current between an electric power generator and an electronic equipment item consuming electric power. The device includes a control circuit connected to a power circuit, the power circuit including power semiconductors, the power circuit being able to be connected in series between the electric power generator and the electronic equipment item. The control circuit includes event detection modules, a current setpoint variation module, and a control module for controlling the power semiconductors, configured to supply a control signal for limiting the electric current in the power circuit as a function of the current limitation setpoint signal.

Abstract: Infrared (IR) vibrational scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has advanced to become a powerful nanoimaging and spectroscopy technique with applications ranging from biological to quantum materials. However, full spatiospectral s-SNOM continues to be challenged by long measurement times and drift during the acquisition of large associated datasets. Various embodiments provide for a novel approach of computational spatiospectral s-SNOM by transforming the basis from the stationary frame into the rotating frame of the IR carrier frequency. Some embodiments see acceleration of IR s-SNOM data collection by a factor of 10 or more in combination with prior knowledge of the electronic or vibrational resonances to be probed, the IR source excitation spectrum, and other general sample characteristics.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to processes for scrubbing an off-gas stream of an acetic acid production unit. In one aspect, a process includes introducing the off-gas stream to the absorption column; introducing to the absorption column, a methanol stream at a first flow rate, the methanol stream having a first temperature at the liquid inlet, the first temperature being at least 18° C. (e.g., at least 20° C., or at least 22° C.); in the absorption column, contacting the off-gas stream with the methanol stream; through a liquid outlet of the one or more liquid outlets, withdrawing a first liquid effluent from the absorption column, the first liquid effluent comprising methanol and methyl iodide; and through the vapour outlet, withdrawing a vapour effluent from the absorption column.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to processes and systems for production of acetic acid. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a process for producing acetic acid that includes contacting carbon monoxide and one or more of methanol and reactive derivatives thereof with a carbonylation catalyst in a first reaction zone to produce a product stream, transferring at least a portion of the product stream into a second reaction zone; at a first position between the reaction zone inlet and an outlet of the second reaction zone, introducing a first vapour stream (90-100% CO) to the second reaction zone; at a second position between the reaction zone inlet and the outlet, introducing a second vapour stream the second vapour stream comprising less than 90 wt. % carbon monoxide; and through the outlet, withdrawing an effluent of the second reaction zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of benzene derivatives from furfural and its derivatives. The present invention also relates to the preparation of novel intermediates derived from furfural and its derivatives. The present invention describes new routes for converting furfural and its derivatives into benzene derivatives including novel intermediates.

Abstract: Infrared (IR) vibrational scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has advanced to become a powerful nanoimaging and spectroscopy technique with applications ranging from biological to quantum materials. However, full spatiospectral s-SNOM continues to be challenged by long measurement times and drift during the acquisition of large associated datasets. Various embodiments provide for a novel approach of computational spatiospectral s-SNOM by transforming the basis from the stationary frame into the rotating frame of the IR carrier frequency. Some embodiments see acceleration of IR s-SNOM data collection by a factor of 10 or more in combination with prior knowledge of the electronic or vibrational resonances to be probed, the IR source excitation spectrum, and other general sample characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of tri-functional aromatic molecules from diformylfuran, in particular to the production of tri-methyl benzene derivatives such as for example trimellitic acid or 1,2,4-tri(aminomethyl)benzene from diformylfuran and its derivatives.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of formulae (IV) and (VII): (IV) (VII) wherein X represents a halogen atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and R is a hydrocarbyl radical, said compounds being useful as precursors and/or intermediates for the preparation of 4,4?dihalobenzophenones of formula (I): (I) wherein X is as defined above.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of formula (I): wherein X bromine and iodine, which are useful for the preparation of 4,4?dihalobenzophenones of formula (III): wherein X is as defined above.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of xylene derivatives from furfural and its derivatives. The invention describes new routes for converting furfural and its derivatives into xylene derivatives including novel intermediates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of tri-functional aromatic molecules from diformylfuran, in particular to the production of tri-methyl benzene derivatives such as for example trimellitic acid or 1,2,4-tri(aminomethyl)benzene from diformylfuran and its derivatives.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of formula (I) wherein X represents a halogen atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, which are useful for the preparation of 4,4?dihalodiphenylsulfones of formula (III) wherein X is as defined above.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing at least one levulinate ester, said process comprising the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with at least one other alcohol in the presence of water and at least one catalyst, said furfuryl alcohol being present in a quantity of at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the alcohols, and said catalyst comprising at least one triflate ligand and at least one metal selected from bismuth, gallium, aluminum, tin and iron.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing at least one levulinate ester, said process comprising the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with at least one other alcohol in the presence of water and at least one catalyst, said furfuryl alcohol being present in a quantity of at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the alcohols, and said catalyst comprising at least one triflate ligand and at least one metal selected from bismuth, gallium, aluminum, tin and iron.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of xylene derivatives from furfural and its derivatives. The invention describes new routes for converting furfural and its derivatives into xylene derivatives including novel intermediates.

Abstract: The visual similarity between fonts is determined using visual descriptors of character images in the fonts. A model used to generate the visual descriptors may include a set of letterforms, keypoint locations on each letterform, and detail shapes at zero, one, or more detail areas on the letterform. In some instances, the model may also set forth one or more geometric measurements. Based on the model, a visual descriptor may be generated for a character image from a font by identifying a letterform of the character image, identifying keypoint locations on the character image, and identifying a detail shape at any detail areas on the character image. Additionally, the visual descriptor may include any geometric measurement defined by the model. The visual similarity between two fonts may be determined as a function of the differences between pairs of visual descriptors for the fonts that correspond with the same letterform.

Abstract: The visual similarity between fonts is determined using visual descriptors of character images in the fonts. A model used to generate the visual descriptors may include a set of letterforms, keypoint locations on each letterform, and detail shapes at zero, one, or more detail areas on the letterform. In some instances, the model may also set forth one or more geometric measurements. Based on the model, a visual descriptor may be generated for a character image from a font by identifying a letterform of the character image, identifying keypoint locations on the character image, and identifying a detail shape at any detail areas on the character image. Additionally, the visual descriptor may include any geometric measurement defined by the model. The visual similarity between two fonts may be determined as a function of the differences between pairs of visual descriptors for the fonts that correspond with the same letterform.

Abstract: A hydraulic arrangement by which a plurality of shift rails of a transmission are actuated, including one double acting cylinder per shift rail by which the respective shift rail can be moved back and forth. A first hydraulic valve is connected upstream of the plurality of shift rails and has a first output and a second output, by which a first shift pressure and a second shift pressure for actuating the shift rails can be provided. A second hydraulic valve is connected between the first hydraulic valve and two of the shift rails, and by which it is selectively possible for the first output of the first hydraulic valve to be associated with one of the double acting cylinders of the two shift rails, and the second output of the first hydraulic valve to be associated with the other double acting cylinder of the two shift rails.

Abstract: A hydraulic device, in particular for actuating a clutch, including a hydraulic working cylinder, which is arranged near the clutch and which is connected to a volumetric flow source via a hydraulic line. The volumetric flow rate of the volumetric flow source can be influenced by a control unit according to signals of the sensors associated with the hydraulic device. The volumetric flow source is formed by a combination of an electric motor and a pump arranged in a common housing.