Abstract: Scrub resistant inks and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof are provided. Scrub-resistant ink compositions may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent. Apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir. Methods for forming scrub-resistant ink compositions may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent. Methods of marking patients may include applying an ink as recited above to a body part of the patient.

Abstract: Scrub resistant inks and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof are provided. Scrub-resistant ink compositions may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent. Apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir. Methods for forming scrub-resistant ink compositions may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent. Methods of marking patients may include applying an ink as recited above to a body part of the patient.

Abstract: Scrub resistant inks and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof are provided. Scrub-resistant ink compositions may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent. Apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir. Methods for forming scrub-resistant ink compositions may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent. Methods of marking patients may include applying an ink as recited above to a body part of the patient.

Abstract: Scrub resistant inks and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof are provided. Scrub-resistant ink compositions may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent. Apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir. Methods for forming scrub-resistant ink compositions may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent. Methods of marking patients may include applying an ink as recited above to a body part of the patient.

Abstract: Provided, amongst other things, are dyes of formula II: wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently H or alkyl, so long as one or more is alkyl, and salts of the compound of formula II. Methods of making, inks, surgical markers and methods of marking tissue and the like are further provided.

Abstract: Scrub resistant inks and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof are provided. Scrub-resistant ink compositions may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent. Apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir. Methods for forming scrub-resistant ink compositions may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent. Methods of marking patients may include applying an ink as recited above to a body part of the patient.

Abstract: Devices and methods are disclosed for repelling elasmobranchs with electropositive metals, including apparatuses and methods for reducing by-catch in commercial fisheries and protecting humans from attacks by elasmobranchs.