Abstract: A device for measuring the thickness of films or coatings on bases wherein the film thickness is determined from the magnetic adhesive force of a permanent magnet on the surface of the film to be measured. The device includes a permanent magnet attached to an end of a lever arm mounted at its center of gravity, forming a rotary system which includes an electromagnet counterbalancing the permanent magnet. The magnetic adhesive force between the permanent magnet and film is overcome by the variable force of the magnetic field of the electromagnet acting on the lever arm of the rotary system, the value of which, as the permanent magnet is lifted off the film, is used as a measure of the film thickness. In the best mode of operation, this is accomplished by integrating the time required to raise the current applied to the electromagnet to the value which generates a magnetic field which overcomes the adhesive force between the film and permanent magnet.

Abstract: As procedure for joining two concentrically engaging hollow bodies such as metallic tubes by electromagnetically deforming overlapping surfaces of the hollow bodies to create mutual structural bulges over their common scope in a circumferential and axial direction.

Abstract: For the most distinctive technical application purposes and particularly for forming tubular hollow bodies which require a structural bulge, for instance for employment in heat exchangers where a stronger turbulence of the heat exchanger mediums and with it an improved heat exchange is achieved through structural bulges on the exchanger tube. The manufacture such tubular hollow bodies with structural bulges by means of mechanical arrangements are extremely labor intensive and therefore costly. According to the invention, a magnetic impulse provides a hollow body (2) with the desired structural bulges (7) which correspond to a support core in a shrinking process, or by an expansion process when the support core is removed. The hollow body (2) to be formed is preferably tubular.

Abstract: A magnetic field concentrator for shaping metal parts by way of a high magnet impulse, with an opening in the form of a radially split mold, partially formed by a sabot/magnetic field shaping piece, to receive the part to be shaped, wherein the part to be shaped may have terminal end fittings or similar parts with a larger outside dimension than the work receiving opening.

Abstract: A magneto-mechanical power system including a cylindrical soft-iron vessel with permanent magnets arranged to form a shunt-magnetic gap with the inside wall the soft-iron vessel. The neck of the flux conducting disk is surrounded by a current winding. A magnetically attractable pole disk lies on the neck of the soft-iron vessel. An electrically conducting ring is fastened to the pole disk. The pole disk activates mechanical and/or electrical safety devices. The system is activated by a current impulse sent to the current winding. Current in the current winding creates a field that displaces the magnetic flux path of the permanent magnet.

Abstract: A method for forming and joining workpieces by a magnetic field produced by a current impulse applied through a high current loop, whereby the magnetic field exerts a force from outside on an electrically conducting workpiece or on electrically conducting compression rings encircling the workpiece, wherein the current impulse begins in the form of a half sine wave defined by the equation (.omega.t=0 . . . .pi.); and then fades away as defined by the equation (.omega.t>.pi. . . . .infin.).

Abstract: An electromagnetic generator for working electrically conducting objects with current and magnetic field pulses having a high rate of rise as expressed by dI/dt and dB/dt includes primary windings of a pulse transformer that are arranged in pairs so that their primary currents generate a single current pulse on the secondary side of the pulse transformer. The pulse transformer has as secondary coil comprised of a longitudinally slit pipe on which the insulated primary windings are placed. Contact blocks are attached as current outputs next to the longitudinal slit and in the middle of pipe for the connection of an external low-ohmic peak-current loop which encloses a magnetic field concentrator that is made in one or several parts and that can accept one or several metal work pieces.

Abstract: A high-current loop connected to a pulse transformer is made as a magnetic field shaper with an opening to receive a metal part which is to be shaped. The high-current loop has a slit extending radially with respect to this opening in the direction toward conductor blocks connecting it to the secondary winding of the pulse transformer. The high-current loop can also be made as an exchangeable magnetic field shaper, made up of one block that is divided in the area of the opening, preferably consisting of copper or aluminum, that has an opening for the metal part which is to be shaped. This design of a high-current loop is used to receive pipe-shaped metal parts that are to be shaped, that, outside of the deformation, have a larger outside diameter, that receive a metal part with a larger volume, and/or that are pre-bent in a serpentine fashion.

Abstract: This is a description of a process and equipment for the removal of seals (closures or caps) for containers, that works with an electromagnetic pulse. The pulse is generated in a current pulse coil, that grasps around the seal, by the discharge current of a condenser. The process and the equipment are suited for removing seals (closures or caps) from containers for milk and dairy products and also for other beverages and products.

Abstract: A process and equipment for shaping seals for containers with an electromagnetic pulse. The pulse is generated by a current pulse coil positioned around the seal and energized by the discharge current of a condenser. The process and the equipment are particularly suited for sealing containers for milk and dairy products and also for other beverages and products.

Abstract: Described are magnetizing devices for permanent magnet rings that are bipolar on the end faces or multipolar on the lateral faces and have concentric North/South areas either on one of the two end faces or on their lateral faces. Magnetizing is performed by way of current pulses that are induced in annular current conductors arranged on the end faces or on the lateral faces of the permanent magnet rings.

Abstract: An apparatus for magnetizing a permanent magnet which includes a frame including first and second relatively movable members arranged to form a core frame which supports first and second conic co-axial poles enclosed by the movable frame members for creating a magnetic flux circuit with an adjustable air gap for enclosing a product to be magnetized. The apparatus is energized by coils wound about the poles and enclosing the air gap. The poles include a bore co-axially aligned with the co-axial axis of the poles and a press ram dimensioned to move within the bore.

Abstract: In the production of press molded articles, such as permanent magnets made from anisotropic powder materials, a more nearly uniform distribution of the particles is obtained by the forming of a preliminary series of articles, each being only a fraction of the length of the final product, after which the preliminary articles are combined under lengthwise pressure in a mold. Pressure may be applied as each preliminary article is added in the mold and the final article may be sintered or a plastic binder may be added and cured by heating.

Abstract: A magnetic field coil consists of discs made of an electrical conductor which have a radial slit, are spirally connected to one another, and by means of further radial slits, have an inner current-carrying region and an outer region which dissipates heat.

Abstract: A description is given of a pulse device for zeroing a permanent magnet to any desired operating point on its demagnetization curve, in which the strength of the demagnetizing pulse is automatically determined from the ratio between the operating point reached and the desired operating point.

Abstract: A magnetizing device for generating magnetic poles of alternating polarity in a magnetic body includes a supporting plate of electrically insulating material having a surface formed to closely conform with the surface of the magnetic body and an electrically conductive array of low electrical resistivity which includes magnetized sections of wire, or rod, recessed in the insulating plate and positioned in such a manner as to generate the desired magnetic poles in a magnetic body when supported by the plate when the array is subjected to a high-intensity unidirectional current, the array also including cooling sections of wire, or rod, twisted in the form of a double helix, interspersed between the magnetizing sections and disposed away from the magnetic body. The electrical array may be formed by a series of short lengths of wire, or rods, the respective ends of the short lengths being twisted together to form the cooling sections.

Abstract: The present invention concerns devices with probes for measuring magnetic potentials. Potential differences between two points of a material in a magnetic field are measured with a plurality of Hall probes arranged on a curved line which connects the points. The voltage of each Hall probe is connected with the summation point of an operational amplifier whose output voltage is proportional to the potential difference P=.intg.H.multidot.ds. A similar arrangement may also be used to measure the current in a conductor.

Abstract: A device for magnetizing multipolar permanent magnet bodies employs a supporting structure comprising a series of superimposed sheets of electrically insulating material, which may be of fiberglass, with prepared apertures to receive an electrically conductive magnetizing winding; the apertures may be arranged to firmly support the winding to prevent displacement despite the strong magnetic fields generated by a high current impulse discharge, and the winding can be arranged to produce a variety of polar patterns, by providing a suitable opening in the supporting structure on cylindrical magnets. The supporting structure includes at least one plate having a plurality of magnetic poles disposed about the inner perimeter of its aperture.

Abstract: A device for magnetizing multipolar permanent magnet bodies employs a supporting structure comprising a solid block, or a series of superimposed sheets, of electrically insulating material, which may be of fiberglass, with prepared apertures to receive the electrically conductive magnetizing winding; the apertures may be arranged to firmly support the winding to prevent displacement despite the strong magnetic fields generated by a high-current impulse discharge, and the winding can be arranged to produce a variety of polar patterns on flat magnets or, by providing a suitable opening in the supporting structure, on cylindrical magnets.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for measuring the hysteresis curves of magnetic materials when using a field coil and a potential coil of a size such that the ends of the latter coil project through the winding of the field coil. The process consists of integrating the output signal of the potential coil to obtain a first value, utilizing a voltage that is proportional to the field coil current to obtain a second value which is then added to the first value to obtain the field intensity H.In order to compensate for the presence of the legs of the potential coil, additional short windings of higher turn density are included in the field coil winding.