Abstract: A climate control system for a vehicle for combustible coolants and is a device for installation on a vehicle roof. A directly evaporating system includes an electrical switch box inside a climate control device for the vehicle and is partitioned so that, in the event of relevant leakages of assemblies containing coolant, the assembly cannot come into contact with the combustible coolant and no ignitable mixture can occur in these areas. The electrical box is a closed assembly and is operatively connected to an assembly by which air from areas outside the segments containing coolant is guided into the electrical box.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system for a vehicle suitable for flammable refrigerants of categories A2, A2L, and A3 is provided. The system is a compact piece of equipment for installation on a vehicle roof and has equipment sections for air treatment and a compressor-liquefier unit, and optionally an outgoing air, an electrical switchbox, and/or silencer. The system is a direct evaporating system in which the air to be conditioned for a passenger area is sealed off within the air-conditioning system such that, in the event of leaks at refrigerant-conducting assemblies, ingress of flammable refrigerant into the interior of the vehicle is prevented. The refrigerant-conducting assemblies and components are located outside the areas where comfort air is conducted, in a separate housing and open to the surroundings.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a back-contact solar cell (10), and to a back-contact solar cell (10) comprising a semiconductor substrate (12), in particular a silicon wafer, comprising a front side (16) and a back side (14), the solar cell (10) comprising electrodes (36) of a first polarity and electrodes (38) of a second polarity on the back side, characterized in that that the electrodes (36) of the first polarity are located on a highly doped silicon layer (20) of the first polarity, the highly doped silicon layer (20) being located on a first passivation layer (18) located on the semiconductor substrate, and the electrodes (38) of the second polarity directly electrically and mechanically contacting the semiconductor substrate (12) via highly doped base regions (30) of the second polarity of the semiconductor substrate (12).

Abstract: The invention relates to a back-side contact solar cell including a semiconductor substrate, in particular a silicon wafer, including a front side and a back side, the solar cell having electrodes of a first polarity and electrodes of a second polarity on the back side, wherein a tunnel layer and a highly doped silicon layer are positioned under the electrodes of a first polarity, and the electrodes of the second polarity make direct electrical and mechanical contact with the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and method for controlling an enzymatic pre-treatment process, e.g. a mashing process. The system and method provide for accurate determination of specific sugar molecules as well as the average length of the sugar chains in real-time during e.g. a mashing process. Further information on, e.g., the concentration of dissolved protein and free amino acids can also be obtained simultaneously.

Abstract: A climate control system for a vehicle is suitable for combustible coolants and is a compact device for installation on a vehicle roof. A directly evaporating system includes an electrical switch box inside a compact climate control device for the vehicle and is partitioned so that, in the event of relevant leakages of assemblies containing coolant, the assembly cannot come into contact with the combustible coolant and no ignitable mixture can occur in these areas. The electrical box is a closed assembly and is operatively connected to an assembly by which air from areas outside the segments containing coolant is guided into the electrical box in such a way that a positive pressure is created in the electrical box to prevent combustible coolant from flowing into the electrical box.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system for a vehicle suitable for flammable refrigerants of categories A2, A2L, and A3 is provided. The system is a compact piece of equipment for installation on a vehicle roof and has equipment sections for air treatment and a compressor-liquefier unit, and optionally an outgoing air, an electrical switchbox, and/or silencer. The system is a direct evaporating system in which the air to be conditioned for a passenger area is sealed off within the air-conditioning system such that, in the event of leaks at refrigerant-conducting assemblies, ingress of flammable refrigerant into the interior of the vehicle is prevented. The refrigerant-conducting assemblies and components are located outside the areas where comfort air is conducted, in a separate housing and open to the surroundings.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling an enzymatic pre-treatment process, e.g. a mashing process. The method allows for accurate determination of specific sugar molecules as well as the average length of the sugar chains in real-time during e.g. a mashing process. Further information on e.g. the concentration of dissolved protein and free amino acids can also be obtained simultaneously. The method comprises the use of an infrared (IR) spectometer for continuously measuring attenuated total reflectance (ATR) IR spectra of samples obtained during pre-treatment of biomass.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for flammable refrigerants has a housing in which refrigerant lines are situated. The housing is provided with fins on the inside of a closed side face, and at least a portion of the outside of the closed side face can be brought into operative connection with a passenger compartment of a vehicle. The housing is designed as a module which can be partitioned off from the passenger compartment in a gas-tight manner, where only permanently sealed sections of the refrigerant lines are situated in the interior of the housing, the connection points of which refrigerant lines are each situated completely outside the housing. The housing has sealing frame and/or sealing plates such that the connections of the refrigerant lines are sealed off from the passenger compartment and are ventilated outward to the surroundings.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for linking tetrazines with dienophiles to establish at least two linkages by sequentially performing at least two cycloaddition reactions. The methods in particular allow establishing multi-labeling strategies. In particular, the invention relates to methods for forming linkages by cycloaddition reactions, wherein the method comprises reacting a first alkyl-substituted tetrazine with a first dienophile comprising a irans-cyclooctenyl group followed by reacting a second tetrazine with a second dienophile comprising a cyclooctynyl group, wherein the reaction of the first tetrazine with the first dienophile proceeds in the presence of the second dienophile.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula: and methods for linking tetrazines with dienophiles to establish at least two linkages by sequentially performing at least two cycloaddition reactions. The methods in particular allow establishing multi-labeling strategies. In particular, the invention relates to methods for forming linkages by cycloaddition reactions, wherein the method comprises reacting a first alkyl-substituted tetrazine with a first dienophile comprising a trans-cyclooctenyl group followed by reacting a second tetrazine with a second dienophile comprising a cyclooctynyl group, wherein the reaction of the first tetrazine with the first dienophile proceeds in the presence of the second dienophile.

Abstract: A back surface contact solar cell has a wafer with an anti-reflection layer on the front surface, with an emitter and a back surface field on the back surface, and with contacts, produced using laser ablation, on the back surface, wherein the pitch is at most 800 micrometers. Furthermore provided is a method for producing such a solar cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling an enzymatic pre-treatment process, e.g. a mashing process. The method allows for accurate determination of specific sugar molecules as well as the average length of the sugar chains in real-time during e.g. a mashing process. Further information on e.g. the concentration of dissolved protein and free amino acids can also be obtained simultaneously. The method comprises the use of an infrared (IR) spectometer for continuosly measuring attenuated total reflectance (ATR) IR spectra of samples obtained during pre-treatment of biomass.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for linking tetrazines with dienophiles to establish at least two linkages by sequentially performing at least two cycloaddition reactions. The methods in particular allow establishing multi-labeling strategies. In particular, the invention relates to methods for forming linkages by cycloaddition reactions, wherein the method comprises reacting a first alkyl-substituted tetrazine with a first dienophile comprising a irans-cyclooctenyl group followed by reacting a second tetrazine with a second dienophile comprising a cyclooctynyl group, wherein the reaction of the first tetrazine with the first dienophile proceeds in the presence of the second dienophile.